第11章

whowasaverylovelycreature,andwhomadearealimpressiononKingHenry,nowthathesawherforthefirsttime.Thiswasthemostimportantcircumstancethataroseoutofthemeeting.

AsifitwereimpossibleforaFrenchnoblemanofthattimetobetruetohiswordofhonourinanything,HenrydiscoveredthattheDukeofBurgundywas,atthatverymoment,insecrettreatywiththeDauphin;andhethereforeabandonedthenegotiation.

TheDukeofBurgundyandtheDauphin,eachofwhomwiththebestreasondistrustedtheotherasanobleruffiansurroundedbyapartyofnobleruffians,wereratheratalosshowtoproceedafterthis;but,atlengththeyagreedtomeet,onabridgeovertheriverYonne,whereitwasarrangedthatthereshouldbetwostronggatesputup,withanemptyspacebetweenthem;andthattheDukeofBurgundyshouldcomeintothatspacebyonegate,withtenmenonly;andthattheDauphinshouldcomeintothatspacebytheothergate,alsowithtenmen,andnomore.

SofartheDauphinkepthisword,butnofarther.WhentheDukeofBurgundywasonhiskneebeforehimintheactofspeaking,oneoftheDauphin"snobleruffianscutthesaiddukedownwithasmallaxe,andothersspeedilyfinishedhim.

ItwasinvainfortheDauphintopretendthatthisbasemurderwasnotdonewithhisconsent;itwastoobad,evenforFrance,andcausedageneralhorror.Theduke"sheirhastenedtomakeatreatywithKingHenry,andtheFrenchQueenengagedthatherhusbandshouldconsenttoit,whateveritwas.Henrymadepeace,onconditionofreceivingthePrincessCatherineinmarriage,andbeingmadeRegentofFranceduringtherestoftheKing"slifetime,andsucceedingtotheFrenchcrownathisdeath.HewassoonmarriedtothebeautifulPrincess,andtookherproudlyhometoEngland,whereshewascrownedwithgreathonourandglory.

ThispeacewascalledthePerpetualPeace;weshallsoonseehowlongitlasted.ItgavegreatsatisfactiontotheFrenchpeople,althoughtheyweresopoorandmiserable,that,atthetimeofthecelebrationoftheRoyalmarriage,numbersofthemweredyingwithstarvation,onthedunghillsinthestreetsofParis.TherewassomeresistanceonthepartoftheDauphininsomefewpartsofFrance,butKingHenrybeatitalldown.

Andnow,withhisgreatpossessionsinFrancesecured,andhisbeautifulwifetocheerhim,andasonborntogivehimgreaterhappiness,allappearedbrightbeforehim.But,inthefulnessofhistriumphandtheheightofhispower,Deathcameuponhim,andhisdaywasdone.WhenhefellillatVincennes,andfoundthathecouldnotrecover,hewasverycalmandquiet,andspokeserenelytothosewhoweptaroundhisbed.Hiswifeandchild,hesaid,helefttothelovingcareofhisbrothertheDukeofBedford,andhisotherfaithfulnobles.HegavethemhisadvicethatEnglandshouldestablishafriendshipwiththenewDukeofBurgundy,andofferhimtheregencyofFrance;thatitshouldnotsetfreetheroyalprinceswhohadbeentakenatAgincourt;andthat,whateverquarrelmightarisewithFrance,EnglandshouldnevermakepeacewithoutholdingNormandy.Then,helaiddownhishead,andaskedtheattendantprieststochantthepenitentialpsalms.Amidwhichsolemnsounds,onthethirty-firstofAugust,onethousandfourhundredandtwenty-two,inonlythethirty-fourthyearofhisageandthetenthofhisreign,KingHenrytheFifthpassedaway.

SlowlyandmournfullytheycarriedhisembalmedbodyinaprocessionofgreatstatetoParis,andthencetoRouenwherehisQueenwas:fromwhomthesadintelligenceofhisdeathwasconcealeduntilhehadbeendeadsomedays.Thence,lyingonabedofcrimsonandgold,withagoldencrownuponthehead,andagoldenballandsceptrelyinginthenervelesshands,theycarriedittoCalais,withsuchagreatretinueasseemedtodyetheroadblack.TheKingofScotlandactedaschiefmourner,alltheRoyalHouseholdfollowed,theknightsworeblackarmourandblackplumesoffeathers,crowdsofmenboretorches,makingthenightaslightasday;andthewidowedPrincessfollowedlastofall.AtCalaistherewasafleetofshipstobringthefuneralhosttoDover.Andso,bywayofLondonBridge,wheretheserviceforthedeadwaschantedasitpassedalong,theybroughtthebodytoWestminsterAbbey,andthereburieditwithgreatrespect.

CHAPTERXXII-ENGLANDUNDERHENRYTHESIXTH

PARTTHEFIRST

IThadbeenthewishofthelateKing,thatwhilehisinfantsonKINGHENRYTHESIXTH,atthistimeonlyninemonthsold,wasunderage,theDukeofGloucestershouldbeappointedRegent.TheEnglishParliament,however,preferredtoappointaCouncilofRegency,withtheDukeofBedfordatitshead:toberepresented,inhisabsenceonly,bytheDukeofGloucester.TheParliamentwouldseemtohavebeenwiseinthis,forGloucestersoonshowedhimselftobeambitiousandtroublesome,and,inthegratificationofhisownpersonalschemes,gavedangerousoffencetotheDukeofBurgundy,whichwaswithdifficultyadjusted.

AsthatdukedeclinedtheRegencyofFrance,itwasbestowedbythepoorFrenchKingupontheDukeofBedford.But,theFrenchKingdyingwithintwomonths,theDauphininstantlyassertedhisclaimtotheFrenchthrone,andwasactuallycrownedunderthetitleofCHARLESTHESEVENTH.TheDukeofBedford,tobeamatchforhim,enteredintoafriendlyleaguewiththeDukesofBurgundyandBrittany,andgavethemhistwosistersinmarriage.WarwithFrancewasimmediatelyrenewed,andthePerpetualPeacecametoanuntimelyend.

Inthefirstcampaign,theEnglish,aidedbythisalliance,werespeedilysuccessful.AsScotland,however,hadsenttheFrenchfivethousandmen,andmightsendmore,orattacktheNorthofEnglandwhileEnglandwasbusywithFrance,itwasconsideredthatitwouldbeagoodthingtooffertheScottishKing,James,whohadbeensolongimprisoned,hisliberty,onhispayingfortythousandpoundsforhisboardandlodgingduringnineteenyears,andengagingtoforbidhissubjectsfromservingundertheflagofFrance.Itispleasanttoknow,notonlythattheamiablecaptiveatlastregainedhisfreedomupontheseterms,but,thathemarriedanobleEnglishlady,withwhomhehadbeenlonginlove,andbecameanexcellentKing.IamafraidwehavemetwithsomeKingsinthishistory,andshallmeetwithsomemore,whowouldhavebeenverymuchthebetter,andwouldhavelefttheworldmuchhappier,iftheyhadbeenimprisonednineteenyearstoo.

Inthesecondcampaign,theEnglishgainedaconsiderablevictoryatVerneuil,inabattlewhichwaschieflyremarkable,otherwise,fortheirresortingtotheoddexpedientoftyingtheirbaggage-

horsestogetherbytheheadsandtails,andjumblingthemupwiththebaggage,soastoconvertthemintoasortoflivefortification-whichwasfoundusefultothetroops,butwhichI

shouldthinkwasnotagreeabletothehorses.Forthreeyearsafterwardsverylittlewasdone,owingtobothsidesbeingtoopoorforwar,whichisaveryexpensiveentertainment;but,acouncilwasthenheldinParis,inwhichitwasdecidedtolaysiegetothetownofOrleans,whichwasaplaceofgreatimportancetotheDauphin"scause.AnEnglisharmyoftenthousandmenwasdespatchedonthisservice,underthecommandoftheEarlofSalisbury,ageneraloffame.Hebeingunfortunatelykilledearlyinthesiege,theEarlofSuffolktookhisplace;underwhom(reinforcedbySIRJOHNFALSTAFF,whobroughtupfourhundredwaggonsladenwithsaltherringsandotherprovisionsforthetroops,and,beatingofftheFrenchwhotriedtointercepthim,camevictoriousoutofahotskirmish,whichwasafterwardscalledinjesttheBattleoftheHerrings)thetownofOrleanswassocompletelyhemmedin,thatthebesiegedproposedtoyieldituptotheircountrymantheDukeofBurgundy.TheEnglishgeneral,however,repliedthathisEnglishmenhadwonit,sofar,bytheirbloodandvalour,andthathisEnglishmenmusthaveit.Thereseemedtobenohopeforthetown,orfortheDauphin,whowassodismayedthatheeventhoughtofflyingtoScotlandortoSpain-

whenapeasantgirlroseupandchangedthewholestateofaffairs.

ThestoryofthispeasantgirlIhavenowtotell.

PARTTHESECOND:THESTORYOFJOANOFARC

INaremotevillageamongsomewildhillsintheprovinceofLorraine,therelivedacountrymanwhosenamewasJACQUESD"ARC.

Hehadadaughter,JOANOFARC,whowasatthistimeinhertwentiethyear.Shehadbeenasolitarygirlfromherchildhood;

shehadoftentendedsheepandcattleforwholedayswherenohumanfigurewasseenorhumanvoiceheard;andshehadoftenknelt,forhourstogether,inthegloomy,empty,littlevillagechapel,lookingupatthealtarandatthedimlampburningbeforeit,untilshefanciedthatshesawshadowyfiguresstandingthere,andeventhatsheheardthemspeaktoher.ThepeopleinthatpartofFrancewereveryignorantandsuperstitious,andtheyhadmanyghostlytalestotellaboutwhattheyhaddreamed,andwhattheysawamongthelonelyhillswhenthecloudsandthemistswererestingonthem.So,theyeasilybelievedthatJoansawstrangesights,andtheywhisperedamongthemselvesthatangelsandspiritstalkedtoher.

Atlast,Joantoldherfatherthatshehadonedaybeensurprisedbyagreatunearthlylight,andhadafterwardsheardasolemnvoice,whichsaiditwasSaintMichael"svoice,tellingherthatshewastogoandhelptheDauphin.Soonafterthis(shesaid),SaintCatherineandSaintMargarethadappearedtoherwithsparklingcrownsupontheirheads,andhadencouragedhertobevirtuousandresolute.Thesevisionshadreturnedsometimes;buttheVoicesveryoften;andthevoicesalwayssaid,"Joan,thouartappointedbyHeaventogoandhelptheDauphin!"Shealmostalwaysheardthemwhilethechapelbellswereringing.

Thereisnodoubt,now,thatJoanbelievedshesawandheardthesethings.Itisverywellknownthatsuchdelusionsareadiseasewhichisnotbyanymeansuncommon.ItisprobableenoughthattherewerefiguresofSaintMichael,andSaintCatherine,andSaintMargaret,inthelittlechapel(wheretheywouldbeverylikelytohaveshiningcrownsupontheirheads),andthattheyfirstgaveJoantheideaofthosethreepersonages.Shehadlongbeenamoping,fancifulgirl,and,thoughshewasaverygoodgirl,Idaresayshewasalittlevain,andwishfulfornotoriety.

Herfather,somethingwiserthanhisneighbours,said,"Itellthee,Joan,itisthyfancy.Thouhadstbetterhaveakindhusbandtotakecareofthee,girl,andworktoemploythymind!"ButJoantoldhiminreply,thatshehadtakenavownevertohaveahusband,andthatshemustgoasHeavendirectedher,tohelptheDauphin.

Ithappened,unfortunatelyforherfather"spersuasions,andmostunfortunatelyforthepoorgirl,too,thatapartyoftheDauphin"senemiesfoundtheirwayintothevillagewhileJoan"sdisorderwasatthispoint,andburntthechapel,anddroveouttheinhabitants.

Thecrueltiesshesawcommitted,touchedJoan"sheartandmadeherworse.Shesaidthatthevoicesandthefigureswerenowcontinuallywithher;thattheytoldhershewasthegirlwho,accordingtoanoldprophecy,wastodeliverFrance;andshemustgoandhelptheDauphin,andmustremainwithhimuntilheshouldbecrownedatRheims:andthatshemusttravelalongwaytoacertainlordnamedBAUDRICOURT,whocouldandwould,bringherintotheDauphin"spresence.

Asherfatherstillsaid,"Itellthee,Joan,itisthyfancy,"shesetofftofindoutthislord,accompaniedbyanuncle,apoorvillagewheelwrightandcart-maker,whobelievedintherealityofhervisions.Theytravelledalongwayandwentonandon,overaroughcountry,fulloftheDukeofBurgundy"smen,andofallkindsofrobbersandmarauders,untiltheycametowherethislordwas.

WhenhisservantstoldhimthattherewasapoorpeasantgirlnamedJoanofArc,accompaniedbynobodybutanoldvillagewheelwrightandcart-maker,whowishedtoseehimbecauseshewascommandedtohelptheDauphinandsaveFrance,Baudricourtburstouta-laughing,andbadethemsendthegirlaway.But,hesoonheardsomuchaboutherlingeringinthetown,andprayinginthechurches,andseeingvisions,anddoingharmtonoone,thathesentforher,andquestionedher.Asshesaidthesamethingsaftershehadbeenwellsprinkledwithholywaterasshehadsaidbeforethesprinkling,Baudricourtbegantothinktheremightbesomethinginit.Atallevents,hethoughtitworthwhiletosendherontothetownofChinon,wheretheDauphinwas.So,heboughtherahorse,andasword,andgavehertwosquirestoconducther.AstheVoiceshadtoldJoanthatshewastowearaman"sdress,now,sheputoneon,andgirdedherswordtoherside,andboundspurstoherheels,andmountedherhorseandrodeawaywithhertwosquires.Astoherunclethewheelwright,hestoodstaringathisnieceinwonderuntilshewasoutofsight-aswellhemight-andthenwenthomeagain.Thebestplace,too.

Joanandhertwosquiresrodeonandon,untiltheycametoChinon,whereshewas,aftersomedoubt,admittedintotheDauphin"spresence.Pickinghimoutimmediatelyfromallhiscourt,shetoldhimthatshecamecommandedbyHeaventosubduehisenemiesandconducthimtohiscoronationatRheims.Shealsotoldhim(orhepretendedsoafterwards,tomakethegreaterimpressionuponhissoldiers)anumberofhissecretsknownonlytohimself,and,furthermore,shesaidtherewasanold,oldswordinthecathedralofSaintCatherineatFierbois,markedwithfiveoldcrossesontheblade,whichSaintCatherinehadorderedhertowear.

Now,nobodyknewanythingaboutthisold,oldsword,butwhenthecathedralcametobeexamined-whichwasimmediatelydone-there,sureenough,theswordwasfound!TheDauphinthenrequiredanumberofgravepriestsandbishopstogivehimtheiropinionwhetherthegirlderivedherpowerfromgoodspiritsorfromevilspirits,whichtheyheldprodigiouslylongdebatesabout,inthecourseofwhichseverallearnedmenfellfastasleepandsnoredloudly.Atlast,whenonegruffoldgentlemanhadsaidtoJoan,"WhatlanguagedoyourVoicesspeak?"andwhenJoanhadrepliedtothegruffoldgentleman,"Apleasanterlanguagethanyours,"theyagreedthatitwasallcorrect,andthatJoanofArcwasinspiredfromHeaven.ThiswonderfulcircumstanceputnewheartintotheDauphin"ssoldierswhentheyheardofit,anddispiritedtheEnglisharmy,whotookJoanforawitch.

SoJoanmountedhorseagain,andagainrodeonandon,untilshecametoOrleans.Butsherodenow,asneverpeasantgirlhadriddenyet.Sherodeuponawhitewar-horse,inasuitofglitteringarmour;withtheold,oldswordfromthecathedral,newlyburnished,inherbelt;withawhiteflagcarriedbeforeher,uponwhichwereapictureofGod,andthewordsJESUSMARIA.Inthissplendidstate,attheheadofagreatbodyoftroopsescortingprovisionsofallkindsforthestarvinginhabitantsofOrleans,sheappearedbeforethatbeleagueredcity.

Whenthepeopleonthewallsbeheldher,theycriedout"TheMaidiscome!TheMaidoftheProphecyiscometodeliverus!"Andthis,andthesightoftheMaidfightingattheheadoftheirmen,madetheFrenchsobold,andmadetheEnglishsofearful,thattheEnglishlineoffortswassoonbroken,thetroopsandprovisionsweregotintothetown,andOrleanswassaved.

Joan,henceforthcalledTHEMAIDOFORLEANS,remainedwithinthewallsforafewdays,andcausedletterstobethrownover,orderingLordSuffolkandhisEnglishmentodepartfrombeforethetownaccordingtothewillofHeaven.AstheEnglishgeneralverypositivelydeclinedtobelievethatJoanknewanythingaboutthewillofHeaven(whichdidnotmendthematterwithhissoldiers,fortheystupidlysaidifshewerenotinspiredshewasawitch,anditwasofnousetofightagainstawitch),shemountedherwhitewar-horseagain,andorderedherwhitebannertoadvance.

Thebesiegersheldthebridge,andsomestrongtowersuponthebridge;andheretheMaidofOrleansattackedthem.Thefightwasfourteenhourslong.Sheplantedascalingladderwithherownhands,andmountedatowerwall,butwasstruckbyanEnglisharrowintheneck,andfellintothetrench.Shewascarriedawayandthearrowwastakenout,duringwhichoperationshescreamedandcriedwiththepain,asanyothergirlmighthavedone;butpresentlyshesaidthattheVoiceswerespeakingtoherandsoothinghertorest.Afterawhile,shegotup,andwasagainforemostinthefight.WhentheEnglishwhohadseenherfallandsupposedherdead,sawthis,theyweretroubledwiththestrangestfears,andsomeofthemcriedoutthattheybeheldSaintMichaelonawhitehorse(probablyJoanherself)fightingfortheFrench.

Theylostthebridge,andlostthetowers,andnextdaysettheirchainoffortsonfire,andlefttheplace.

ButasLordSuffolkhimselfretirednofartherthanthetownofJargeau,whichwasonlyafewmilesoff,theMaidofOrleansbesiegedhimthere,andhewastakenprisoner.Asthewhitebannerscaledthewall,shewasstruckupontheheadwithastone,andwasagaintumbleddownintotheditch;but,sheonlycriedallthemore,asshelaythere,"On,on,mycountrymen!Andfearnothing,fortheLordhathdeliveredthemintoourhands!"AfterthisnewsuccessoftheMaid"s,severalotherfortressesandplaceswhichhadpreviouslyheldoutagainsttheDauphinweredeliveredupwithoutabattle;andatPatayshedefeatedtheremainderoftheEnglisharmy,andsetuphervictoriouswhitebanneronafieldwheretwelvehundredEnglishmenlaydead.

ShenowurgedtheDauphin(whoalwayskeptoutofthewaywhentherewasanyfighting)toproceedtoRheims,asthefirstpartofhermissionwasaccomplished;andtocompletethewholebybeingcrownedthere.TheDauphinwasinnoparticularhurrytodothis,asRheimswasalongwayoff,andtheEnglishandtheDukeofBurgundywerestillstronginthecountrythroughwhichtheroadlay.However,theysetforth,withtenthousandmen,andagaintheMaidofOrleansrodeonandon,uponherwhitewar-horse,andinhershiningarmour.Whenevertheycametoatownwhichyieldedreadily,thesoldiersbelievedinher;but,whenevertheycametoatownwhichgavethemanytrouble,theybegantomurmurthatshewasanimpostor.ThelatterwasparticularlythecaseatTroyes,whichfinallyyielded,however,throughthepersuasionofoneRichard,afriaroftheplace.FriarRichardwasintheolddoubtabouttheMaidofOrleans,untilhehadsprinkledherwellwithholywater,andhadalsowellsprinkledthethresholdofthegatebywhichshecameintothecity.Findingthatitmadenochangeinherorthegate,hesaid,astheothergraveoldgentlemenhadsaid,thatitwasallright,andbecamehergreatally.

So,atlast,bydintofridingonandon,theMaidofOrleans,andtheDauphin,andthetenthousandsometimesbelievingandsometimesunbelievingmen,cametoRheims.AndinthegreatcathedralofRheims,theDauphinactuallywascrownedCharlestheSeventhinagreatassemblyofthepeople.Then,theMaid,whowithherwhitebannerstoodbesidetheKinginthathourofhistriumph,kneeleddownuponthepavementathisfeet,andsaid,withtears,thatwhatshehadbeeninspiredtodo,wasdone,andthattheonlyrecompensesheaskedfor,was,thatsheshouldnowhaveleavetogobacktoherdistanthome,andhersturdilyincredulousfather,andherfirstsimpleescortthevillagewheelwrightandcart-maker.ButtheKingsaid"No!"andmadeherandherfamilyasnobleasaKingcould,andsettleduponhertheincomeofaCount.

Ah!happyhaditbeenfortheMaidofOrleans,ifshehadresumedherrusticdressthatday,andhadgonehometothelittlechapelandthewildhills,andhadforgottenallthesethings,andhadbeenagoodman"swife,andhadheardnostrangervoicesthanthevoicesoflittlechildren!

Itwasnottobe,andshecontinuedhelpingtheKing(shedidaworldforhim,inalliancewithFriarRichard),andtryingtoimprovethelivesofthecoarsesoldiers,andleadingareligious,anunselfish,andamodestlife,herself,beyondanydoubt.Still,manytimessheprayedtheKingtolethergohome;andoncesheeventookoffherbrightarmourandhungitupinachurch,meaningnevertowearitmore.But,theKingalwayswonherbackagain-

whileshewasofanyusetohim-andsoshewentonandonandon,toherdoom.

WhentheDukeofBedford,whowasaveryableman,begantobeactiveforEngland,and,bybringingthewarbackintoFranceandbyholdingtheDukeofBurgundytohisfaith,todistressanddisturbCharlesverymuch,CharlessometimesaskedtheMaidofOrleanswhattheVoicessaidaboutit?But,theVoiceshadbecome(verylikeordinaryvoicesinperplexedtimes)contradictoryandconfused,sothatnowtheysaidonething,andnowsaidanother,andtheMaidlostcrediteveryday.CharlesmarchedonParis,whichwasopposedtohim,andattackedthesuburbofSaintHonore.

Inthisfight,beingagainstruckdownintotheditch,shewasabandonedbythewholearmy.Shelayunaidedamongaheapofdead,andcrawledouthowshecould.Then,someofherbelieverswentovertoanoppositionMaid,CatherineofLaRochelle,whosaidshewasinspiredtotellwherethereweretreasuresofburiedmoney-

thoughsheneverdid-andthenJoanaccidentallybroketheold,oldsword,andotherssaidthatherpowerwasbrokenwithit.

Finally,atthesiegeofCompi奼ne,heldbytheDukeofBurgundy,whereshedidvaliantservice,shewasbaselyleftaloneinaretreat,thoughfacingaboutandfightingtothelast;andanarcherpulledheroffherhorse.

Otheuproarthatwasmade,andthethanksgivingsthatweresung,aboutthecaptureofthisonepoorcountry-girl!Othewayinwhichshewasdemandedtobetriedforsorceryandheresy,andanythingelseyoulike,bytheInquisitor-GeneralofFrance,andbythisgreatman,andbythatgreatman,untilitiswearisometothinkof!ShewasboughtatlastbytheBishopofBeauvaisfortenthousandfrancs,andwasshutupinhernarrowprison:plainJoanofArcagain,andMaidofOrleansnomore.

IshouldneverhavedoneifIweretotellyouhowtheyhadJoanouttoexamineher,andcross-examineher,andre-examineher,andworryherintosayinganythingandeverything;andhowallsortsofscholarsanddoctorsbestowedtheirutmosttediousnessuponher.

Sixteentimesshewasbroughtoutandshutupagain,andworried,andentrapped,andarguedwith,untilshewasheart-sickofthedrearybusiness.Onthelastoccasionofthiskindshewasbroughtintoaburial-placeatRouen,dismallydecoratedwithascaffold,andastakeandfaggots,andtheexecutioner,andapulpitwithafriartherein,andanawfulsermonready.ItisveryaffectingtoknowthatevenatthatpassthepoorgirlhonouredthemeanverminofaKing,whohadsousedherforhispurposesandsoabandonedher;and,thatwhileshehadbeenregardlessofreproachesheapeduponherself,shespokeoutcourageouslyforhim.

Itwasnaturalinonesoyoungtoholdtolife.Tosaveherlife,shesignedadeclarationpreparedforher-signeditwithacross,forshecouldn"twrite-thatallhervisionsandVoiceshadcomefromtheDevil.Uponherrecantingthepast,andprotestingthatshewouldneverwearaman"sdressinfuture,shewascondemnedtoimprisonmentforlife,"onthebreadofsorrowandthewaterofaffliction."

But,onthebreadofsorrowandthewaterofaffliction,thevisionsandtheVoicessoonreturned.Itwasquitenaturalthattheyshoulddoso,forthatkindofdiseaseismuchaggravatedbyfasting,loneliness,andanxietyofmind.ItwasnotonlygotoutofJoanthatsheconsideredherselfinspiredagain,but,shewastakeninaman"sdress,whichhadbeenleft-toentrapher-inherprison,andwhichsheputon,inhersolitude;perhaps,inremembranceofherpastglories,perhaps,becausetheimaginaryVoicestoldher.Forthisrelapseintothesorceryandheresyandanythingelseyoulike,shewassentencedtobeburnttodeath.

And,inthemarket-placeofRouen,inthehideousdresswhichthemonkshadinventedforsuchspectacles;withpriestsandbishopssittinginagallerylookingon,thoughsomehadtheChristiangracetogoaway,unabletoenduretheinfamousscene;thisshriekinggirl-lastseenamidstthesmokeandfire,holdingacrucifixbetweenherhands;lastheard,callinguponChrist-wasburnttoashes.TheythrewherashesintotheriverSeine;buttheywillriseagainsthermurderersonthelastday.

Fromthemomentofhercapture,neithertheFrenchKingnoronesinglemaninallhiscourtraisedafingertosaveher.Itisnodefenceofthemthattheymayhaveneverreallybelievedinher,orthattheymayhavewonhervictoriesbytheirskillandbravery.

Themoretheypretendedtobelieveinher,themoretheyhadcausedhertobelieveinherself;andshehadeverbeentruetothem,everbrave,evernoblydevoted.But,itisnowonder,thatthey,whowereinallthingsfalsetothemselves,falsetooneanother,falsetotheircountry,falsetoHeaven,falsetoEarth,shouldbemonstersofingratitudeandtreacherytoahelplesspeasantgirl.

InthepicturesqueoldtownofRouen,whereweedsandgrassgrowhighonthecathedraltowers,andthevenerableNormanstreetsarestillwarmintheblessedsunlightthoughthemonkishfiresthatoncegleamedhorriblyuponthemhavelonggrowncold,thereisastatueofJoanofArc,inthesceneofherlastagony,thesquaretowhichshehasgivenitspresentname.Iknowsomestatuesofmoderntimes-evenintheWorld"smetropolis,Ithink-whichcommemoratelessconstancy,lessearnestness,smallerclaimsupontheworld"sattention,andmuchgreaterimpostors.

PARTTHETHIRD

BADdeedsseldomprosper,happilyformankind;andtheEnglishcausegainednoadvantagefromthecrueldeathofJoanofArc.Foralongtime,thewarwentheavilyon.TheDukeofBedforddied;

thealliancewiththeDukeofBurgundywasbroken;andLordTalbotbecameagreatgeneralontheEnglishsideinFrance.But,twooftheconsequencesofwarsare,Famine-becausethepeoplecannotpeacefullycultivatetheground-andPestilence,whichcomesofwant,misery,andsuffering.Boththesehorrorsbrokeoutinbothcountries,andlastedfortwowretchedyears.Then,thewarwentonagain,andcamebyslowdegreestobesobadlyconductedbytheEnglishgovernment,that,withintwentyyearsfromtheexecutionoftheMaidofOrleans,ofallthegreatFrenchconquests,thetownofCalaisaloneremainedinEnglishhands.

Whilethesevictoriesanddefeatsweretakingplaceinthecourseoftime,manystrangethingshappenedathome.TheyoungKing,ashegrewup,provedtobeveryunlikehisgreatfather,andshowedhimselfamiserablepunycreature.Therewasnoharminhim-hehadagreataversiontosheddingblood:whichwassomething-but,hewasaweak,silly,helplessyoungman,andamereshuttlecocktothegreatlordlybattledoresabouttheCourt.

Ofthesebattledores,CardinalBeaufort,arelationoftheKing,andtheDukeofGloucester,wereatfirstthemostpowerful.TheDukeofGloucesterhadawife,whowasnonsensicallyaccusedofpractisingwitchcrafttocausetheKing"sdeathandleadtoherhusband"scomingtothethrone,hebeingthenextheir.Shewaschargedwithhaving,bythehelpofaridiculousoldwomannamedMargery(whowascalledawitch),madealittlewaxendollintheKing"slikeness,andputitbeforeaslowfirethatitmightgraduallymeltaway.Itwassupposed,insuchcases,thatthedeathofthepersonwhomthedollwasmadetorepresent,wassuretohappen.Whethertheduchesswasasignorantastherestofthem,andreallydidmakesuchadollwithsuchanintention,I

don"tknow;but,youandIknowverywellthatshemighthavemadeathousanddolls,ifshehadbeenstupidenough,andmighthavemeltedthemall,withouthurtingtheKingoranybodyelse.

However,shewastriedforit,andsowasoldMargery,andsowasoneoftheduke"schaplains,whowaschargedwithhavingassistedthem.BothheandMargerywereputtodeath,andtheduchess,afterbeingtakenonfootandbearingalightedcandle,threetimesroundtheCity,asapenance,wasimprisonedforlife.Theduke,himself,tookallthisprettyquietly,andmadeaslittlestiraboutthematterasifhewererathergladtoberidoftheduchess.

But,hewasnotdestinedtokeephimselfoutoftroublelong.Theroyalshuttlecockbeingthree-and-twenty,thebattledoreswereveryanxioustogethimmarried.TheDukeofGloucesterwantedhimtomarryadaughteroftheCountofArmagnac;but,theCardinalandtheEarlofSuffolkwereallforMARGARET,thedaughteroftheKingofSicily,whotheyknewwasaresolute,ambitiouswomanandwouldgoverntheKingasshechose.Tomakefriendswiththislady,theEarlofSuffolk,whowentovertoarrangethematch,consentedtoacceptherfortheKing"swifewithoutanyfortune,andeventogiveupthetwomostvaluablepossessionsEnglandthenhadinFrance.So,themarriagewasarranged,ontermsveryadvantageoustothelady;andLordSuffolkbroughthertoEngland,andshewasmarriedatWestminster.OnwhatpretencethisqueenandherpartychargedtheDukeofGloucesterwithhightreasonwithinacoupleofyears,itisimpossibletomakeout,thematterissoconfused;

but,theypretendedthattheKing"slifewasindanger,andtheytookthedukeprisoner.Afortnightafterwards,hewasfounddeadinbed(theysaid),andhisbodywasshowntothepeople,andLordSuffolkcameinforthebestpartofhisestates.Youknowbythistimehowstrangelyliablestateprisonersweretosuddendeath.

IfCardinalBeauforthadanyhandinthismatter,itdidhimnogood,forhediedwithinsixweeks;thinkingitveryhardandcurious-ateightyyearsold!-thathecouldnotlivetobePope.

ThiswasthetimewhenEnglandhadcompletedherlossofallhergreatFrenchconquests.ThepeoplechargedthelossprincipallyupontheEarlofSuffolk,nowaduke,whohadmadethoseeasytermsabouttheRoyalMarriage,andwho,theybelieved,hadevenbeenboughtbyFrance.Sohewasimpeachedasatraitor,onagreatnumberofcharges,butchieflyonaccusationsofhavingaidedtheFrenchKing,andofdesigningtomakehisownsonKingofEngland.

TheCommonsandthepeoplebeingviolentagainsthim,theKingwasmade(byhisfriends)tointerposetosavehim,bybanishinghimforfiveyears,andproroguingtheParliament.ThedukehadmuchadotoescapefromaLondonmob,twothousandstrong,wholayinwaitforhiminSt.Giles"sfields;but,hegotdowntohisownestatesinSuffolk,andsailedawayfromIpswich.SailingacrosstheChannel,hesentintoCalaistoknowifhemightlandthere;

but,theykepthisboatandmenintheharbour,untilanEnglishship,carryingahundredandfiftymenandcalledtheNicholasoftheTower,camealongsidehislittlevessel,andorderedhimonboard."Welcome,traitor,asmensay,"wasthecaptain"sgrimandnotveryrespectfulsalutation.Hewaskeptonboard,aprisoner,foreight-and-fortyhours,andthenasmallboatappearedrowingtowardtheship.Asthisboatcamenearer,itwasseentohaveinitablock,arustysword,andanexecutionerinablackmask.Thedukewashandeddownintoit,andtherehisheadwascutoffwithsixstrokesoftherustysword.Then,thelittleboatrowedawaytoDoverbeach,wherethebodywascastout,andleftuntiltheduchessclaimedit.Bywhom,highinauthority,thismurderwascommitted,hasneverappeared.Noonewaseverpunishedforit.

TherenowaroseinKentanIrishman,whogavehimselfthenameofMortimer,butwhoserealnamewasJACKCADE.Jack,inimitationofWatTyler,thoughhewasaverydifferentandinferiorsortofman,addressedtheKentishmenupontheirwrongs,occasionedbythebadgovernmentofEngland,amongsomanybattledoresandsuchapoorshuttlecock;andtheKentishmenroseuptothenumberoftwentythousand.TheirplaceofassemblywasBlackheath,where,headedbyJack,theyputforthtwopapers,whichtheycalled"TheComplaintoftheCommonsofKent,"and"TheRequestsoftheCaptainoftheGreatAssemblyinKent."TheythenretiredtoSevenoaks.Theroyalarmycomingupwiththemhere,theybeatitandkilledtheirgeneral.Then,Jackdressedhimselfinthedeadgeneral"sarmour,andledhismentoLondon.

JackpassedintotheCityfromSouthwark,overthebridge,andentereditintriumph,givingthestrictestorderstohismennottoplunder.Havingmadeashowofhisforcesthere,whilethecitizenslookedonquietly,hewentbackintoSouthwarkingoodorder,andpassedthenight.Nextday,hecamebackagain,havinggotholdinthemeantimeofLordSay,anunpopularnobleman.SaysJacktotheLordMayorandjudges:"WillyoubesogoodastomakeatribunalinGuildhall,andtrymethisnobleman?"Thecourtbeinghastilymade,hewasfoundguilty,andJackandhismencuthisheadoffonCornhill.Theyalsocutofftheheadofhisson-

in-law,andthenwentbackingoodordertoSouthwarkagain.

But,althoughthecitizenscouldbearthebeheadingofanunpopularlord,theycouldnotbeartohavetheirhousespillaged.AnditdidsohappenthatJack,afterdinner-perhapshehaddrunkalittletoomuch-begantoplunderthehousewherehelodged;uponwhich,ofcourse,hismenbegantoimitatehim.Wherefore,theLondonerstookcounselwithLordScales,whohadathousandsoldiersintheTower;anddefendedLondonBridge,andkeptJackandhispeopleout.Thisadvantagegained,itwasresolvedbydiversgreatmentodivideJack"sarmyintheoldway,bymakingagreatmanypromisesonbehalfofthestate,thatwereneverintendedtobeperformed.ThisDIDdividethem;someofJack"smensayingthattheyoughttotaketheconditionswhichwereoffered,andotherssayingthattheyoughtnot,fortheywereonlyasnare;

somegoinghomeatonce;othersstayingwheretheywere;andalldoubtingandquarrellingamongthemselves.

Jack,whowasintwomindsaboutfightingoracceptingapardon,andwhoindeeddidboth,sawatlastthattherewasnothingtoexpectfromhismen,andthatitwasverylikelysomeofthemwoulddeliverhimupandgetarewardofathousandmarks,whichwasofferedforhisapprehension.So,aftertheyhadtravelledandquarrelledallthewayfromSouthwarktoBlackheath,andfromBlackheathtoRochester,hemountedagoodhorseandgallopedawayintoSussex.But,theregallopedafterhim,onabetterhorse,oneAlexanderIden,whocameupwithhim,hadahardfightwithhim,andkilledhim.Jack"sheadwassetaloftonLondonBridge,withthefacelookingtowardsBlackheath,wherehehadraisedhisflag;

andAlexanderIdengotthethousandmarks.

Itissupposedbysome,thattheDukeofYork,whohadbeenremovedfromahighpostabroadthroughtheQueen"sinfluence,andsentoutoftheway,togovernIreland,wasatthebottomofthisrisingofJackandhismen,becausehewantedtotroublethegovernment.Heclaimed(thoughnotyetpublicly)tohaveabetterrighttothethronethanHenryofLancaster,asoneofthefamilyoftheEarlofMarch,whomHenrytheFourthhadsetaside.Touchingthisclaim,which,beingthroughfemalerelationship,wasnotaccordingtotheusualdescent,itisenoughtosaythatHenrytheFourthwasthefreechoiceofthepeopleandtheParliament,andthathisfamilyhadnowreignedundisputedforsixtyyears.ThememoryofHenrytheFifthwassofamous,andtheEnglishpeopleloveditsomuch,thattheDukeofYork"sclaimwould,perhaps,neverhavebeenthoughtof(itwouldhavebeensohopeless)butfortheunfortunatecircumstanceofthepresentKing"sbeingbythistimequiteanidiot,andthecountryveryillgoverned.ThesetwocircumstancesgavetheDukeofYorkapowerhecouldnototherwisehavehad.

WhethertheDukeknewanythingofJackCade,ornot,hecameoverfromIrelandwhileJack"sheadwasonLondonBridge;beingsecretlyadvisedthattheQueenwassettinguphisenemy,theDukeofSomerset,againsthim.HewenttoWestminster,attheheadoffourthousandmen,andonhiskneesbeforetheKing,representedtohimthebadstateofthecountry,andpetitionedhimtosummonaParliamenttoconsiderit.ThistheKingpromised.WhentheParliamentwassummoned,theDukeofYorkaccusedtheDukeofSomerset,andtheDukeofSomersetaccusedtheDukeofYork;and,bothinandoutofParliament,thefollowersofeachpartywerefullofviolenceandhatredtowardstheother.AtlengththeDukeofYorkputhimselfattheheadofalargeforceofhistenants,and,inarms,demandedthereformationoftheGovernment.BeingshutoutofLondon,heencampedatDartford,andtheroyalarmyencampedatBlackheath.Accordingaseithersidetriumphed,theDukeofYorkwasarrested,ortheDukeofSomersetwasarrested.

Thetroubleended,forthemoment,intheDukeofYorkrenewinghisoathofallegiance,andgoinginpeacetooneofhisowncastles.

HalfayearafterwardstheQueengavebirthtoason,whowasveryillreceivedbythepeople,andnotbelievedtobethesonoftheKing.ItshowstheDukeofYorktohavebeenamoderateman,unwillingtoinvolveEnglandinnewtroubles,thathedidnottakeadvantageofthegeneraldiscontentatthistime,butreallyactedforthepublicgood.Hewasmadeamemberofthecabinet,andtheKingbeingnowsomuchworsethathecouldnotbecarriedaboutandshowntothepeoplewithanydecency,thedukewasmadeLordProtectorofthekingdom,untiltheKingshouldrecover,orthePrinceshouldcomeofage.AtthesametimetheDukeofSomersetwascommittedtotheTower.So,nowtheDukeofSomersetwasdown,andtheDukeofYorkwasup.Bytheendoftheyear,however,theKingrecoveredhismemoryandsomesparkofsense;uponwhichtheQueenusedherpower-whichrecoveredwithhim-togettheProtectordisgraced,andherfavouritereleased.SonowtheDukeofYorkwasdown,andtheDukeofSomersetwasup.

TheseducalupsanddownsgraduallyseparatedthewholenationintothetwopartiesofYorkandLancaster,andledtothoseterriblecivilwarslongknownastheWarsoftheRedandWhiteRoses,becausetheredrosewasthebadgeoftheHouseofLancaster,andthewhiterosewasthebadgeoftheHouseofYork.

TheDukeofYork,joinedbysomeotherpowerfulnoblemenoftheWhiteRoseparty,andleadingasmallarmy,mettheKingwithanothersmallarmyatSt.Alban"s,anddemandedthattheDukeofSomersetshouldbegivenup.ThepoorKing,beingmadetosayinanswerthathewouldsoonerdie,wasinstantlyattacked.TheDukeofSomersetwaskilled,andtheKinghimselfwaswoundedintheneck,andtookrefugeinthehouseofapoortanner.Whereupon,theDukeofYorkwenttohim,ledhimwithgreatsubmissiontotheAbbey,andsaidhewasverysorryforwhathadhappened.HavingnowtheKinginhispossession,hegotaParliamentsummonedandhimselfoncemoremadeProtector,but,onlyforafewmonths;for,ontheKinggettingalittlebetteragain,theQueenandherpartygothimintotheirpossession,anddisgracedtheDukeoncemore.

So,nowtheDukeofYorkwasdownagain.

Someofthebestmeninpower,seeingthedangeroftheseconstantchanges,triedeventhentopreventtheRedandtheWhiteRoseWars.TheybroughtaboutagreatcouncilinLondonbetweenthetwoparties.TheWhiteRosesassembledinBlackfriars,theRedRosesinWhitefriars;andsomegoodpriestscommunicatedbetweenthem,andmadetheproceedingsknownateveningtotheKingandthejudges.Theyendedinapeacefulagreementthatthereshouldbenomorequarrelling;andtherewasagreatroyalprocessiontoSt.

Paul"s,inwhichtheQueenwalkedarm-in-armwithheroldenemy,theDukeofYork,toshowthepeoplehowcomfortabletheyallwere.

Thisstateofpeacelastedhalfayear,whenadisputebetweentheEarlofWarwick(oneoftheDuke"spowerfulfriends)andsomeoftheKing"sservantsatCourt,ledtoanattackuponthatEarl-whowasaWhiteRose-andtoasuddenbreakingoutofalloldanimosities.So,hereweregreaterupsanddownsthanever.

Therewereevengreaterupsanddownsthanthese,soonafter.

Aftervariousbattles,theDukeofYorkfledtoIreland,andhissontheEarlofMarchtoCalais,withtheirfriendstheEarlsofSalisburyandWarwick;andaParliamentwashelddeclaringthemalltraitors.Littletheworseforthis,theEarlofWarwickpresentlycameback,landedinKent,wasjoinedbytheArchbishopofCanterburyandotherpowerfulnoblemenandgentlemen,engagedtheKing"sforcesatNorthampton,signallydefeatedthem,andtooktheKinghimselfprisoner,whowasfoundinhistent.Warwickwouldhavebeenglad,Idaresay,tohavetakentheQueenandPrincetoo,buttheyescapedintoWalesandthenceintoScotland.

TheKingwascarriedbythevictoriousforcestraighttoLondon,andmadetocallanewParliament,whichimmediatelydeclaredthattheDukeofYorkandthoseothernoblemenwerenottraitors,butexcellentsubjects.Then,backcomestheDukefromIrelandattheheadoffivehundredhorsemen,ridesfromLondontoWestminster,andenterstheHouseofLords.There,helaidhishandupontheclothofgoldwhichcoveredtheemptythrone,asifhehadhalfamindtositdowninit-buthedidnot.OntheArchbishopofCanterbury,askinghimifhewouldvisittheKing,whowasinhispalacecloseby,hereplied,"Iknownooneinthiscountry,mylord,whooughtnottovisitME."Noneofthelordspresentspokeasingleword;so,thedukewentoutashehadcomein,establishedhimselfroyallyintheKing"spalace,and,sixdaysafterwards,sentintotheLordsaformalstatementofhisclaimtothethrone.

ThelordswenttotheKingonthismomentoussubject,andafteragreatdealofdiscussion,inwhichthejudgesandtheotherlawofficerswereafraidtogiveanopiniononeitherside,thequestionwascompromised.ItwasagreedthatthepresentKingshouldretainthecrownforhislife,andthatitshouldthenpasstotheDukeofYorkandhisheirs.

But,theresoluteQueen,determinedonassertingherson"sright,wouldhearofnosuchthing.ShecamefromScotlandtothenorthofEngland,whereseveralpowerfullordsarmedinhercause.TheDukeofYork,forhispart,setoffwithsomefivethousandmen,alittletimebeforeChristmasDay,onethousandfourhundredandsixty,togiveherbattle.HelodgedatSandalCastle,nearWakefield,andtheRedRosesdefiedhimtocomeoutonWakefieldGreen,andfightthemthenandthere.Hisgeneralssaid,hehadbestwaituntilhisgallantson,theEarlofMarch,cameupwithhispower;but,hewasdeterminedtoacceptthechallenge.Hedidso,inanevilhour.Hewashotlypressedonallsides,twothousandofhismenlaydeadonWakefieldGreen,andhehimselfwastakenprisoner.Theysethimdowninmockstateonanant-hill,andtwistedgrassabouthishead,andpretendedtopaycourttohimontheirknees,saying,"OKing,withoutakingdom,andPrincewithoutapeople,wehopeyourgraciousMajestyisverywellandhappy!"Theydidworsethanthis;theycuthisheadoff,andhandeditonapoletotheQueen,wholaughedwithdelightwhenshesawit(yourecollecttheirwalkingsoreligiouslyandcomfortablytoSt.Paul"s!),andhaditfixed,withapapercrownuponitshead,onthewallsofYork.TheEarlofSalisburylosthishead,too;andtheDukeofYork"ssecondson,ahandsomeboywhowasflyingwithhistutoroverWakefieldBridge,wasstabbedintheheartbyamurderous,lord-LordCliffordbyname-whosefatherhadbeenkilledbytheWhiteRosesinthefightatSt.Alban"s.

Therewasawfulsacrificeoflifeinthisbattle,fornoquarterwasgiven,andtheQueenwaswildforrevenge.Whenmenunnaturallyfightagainsttheirowncountrymen,theyarealwaysobservedtobemoreunnaturallycruelandfilledwithragethantheyareagainstanyotherenemy.

But,LordCliffordhadstabbedthesecondsonoftheDukeofYork-

notthefirst.Theeldestson,EdwardEarlofMarch,wasatGloucester;and,vowingvengeanceforthedeathofhisfather,hisbrother,andtheirfaithfulfriends,hebegantomarchagainsttheQueen.HehadtoturnandfightagreatbodyofWelshandIrishfirst,whoworriedhisadvance.ThesehedefeatedinagreatfightatMortimer"sCross,nearHereford,wherehebeheadedanumberoftheRedRosestakeninbattle,inretaliationforthebeheadingoftheWhiteRosesatWakefield.TheQueenhadthenextturnofbeheading.HavingmovedtowardsLondon,andfallingin,betweenSt.Alban"sandBarnet,withtheEarlofWarwickandtheDukeofNorfolk,WhiteRosesboth,whoweretherewithanarmytoopposeher,andhadgottheKingwiththem;shedefeatedthemwithgreatloss,andstruckofftheheadsoftwoprisonersofnote,whowereintheKing"stentwithhim,andtowhomtheKinghadpromisedhisprotection.Hertriumph,however,wasveryshort.Shehadnotreasure,andherarmysubsistedbyplunder.Thiscausedthemtobehatedanddreadedbythepeople,andparticularlybytheLondonpeople,whowerewealthy.AssoonastheLondonersheardthatEdward,EarlofMarch,unitedwiththeEarlofWarwick,wasadvancingtowardsthecity,theyrefusedtosendtheQueensupplies,andmadeagreatrejoicing.

TheQueenandhermenretreatedwithallspeed,andEdwardandWarwickcameon,greetedwithloudacclamationsoneveryside.Thecourage,beauty,andvirtuesofyoungEdwardcouldnotbesufficientlypraisedbythewholepeople.HerodeintoLondonlikeaconqueror,andmetwithanenthusiasticwelcome.Afewdaysafterwards,LordFalconbridgeandtheBishopofExeterassembledthecitizensinSt.John"sField,Clerkenwell,andaskedthemiftheywouldhaveHenryofLancasterfortheirKing?Tothistheyallroared,"No,no,no!"and"KingEdward!KingEdward!"Then,saidthosenoblemen,wouldtheyloveandserveyoungEdward?Tothistheyallcried,"Yes,yes!"andthrewuptheircapsandclappedtheirhands,andcheeredtremendously.

Therefore,itwasdeclaredthatbyjoiningtheQueenandnotprotectingthosetwoprisonersofnote,HenryofLancasterhadforfeitedthecrown;andEdwardofYorkwasproclaimedKing.HemadeagreatspeechtotheapplaudingpeopleatWestminster,andsatdownassovereignofEnglandonthatthrone,onthegoldencoveringofwhichhisfather-worthyofabetterfatethanthebloodyaxewhichcutthethreadofsomanylivesinEngland,throughsomanyyears-hadlaidhishand.

CHAPTERXXIII-ENGLANDUNDEREDWARDTHEFOURTH

KINGEDWARDTHEFOURTHwasnotquitetwenty-oneyearsofagewhenhetookthatunquietseatuponthethroneofEngland.TheLancasterparty,theRedRoses,werethenassemblingingreatnumbersnearYork,anditwasnecessarytogivethembattleinstantly.But,thestoutEarlofWarwickleadingfortheyoungKing,andtheyoungKinghimselfcloselyfollowinghim,andtheEnglishpeoplecrowdingroundtheRoyalstandard,theWhiteandtheRedRosesmet,onawildMarchdaywhenthesnowwasfallingheavily,atTowton;andtheresuchafuriousbattleragedbetweenthem,thatthetotallossamountedtofortythousandmen-allEnglishmen,fighting,uponEnglishground,againstoneanother.

TheyoungKinggainedtheday,tookdowntheheadsofhisfatherandbrotherfromthewallsofYork,andputuptheheadsofsomeofthemostfamousnoblemenengagedinthebattleontheotherside.