第8章

TheGermanEmpiredoesnotrequiretwosuchleaders。"

HisfirstschemeofrevengeonthehouseofAustriahadindeedfailed；

butthepurposeitselfremainedunalterable；thechoiceofmeansalonewaschanged。WhathehadfailedineffectingwiththeKingofSweden，hehopedtoobtainwithlessdifficultyandmoreadvantagefromtheElectorofSaxony。Himhewasascertainofbeingabletobendtohisviews，ashehadalwaysbeendoubtfulofGustavusAdolphus。

HavingalwaysmaintainedagoodunderstandingwithhisoldfriendArnheim，henowmadeuseofhimtobringaboutanalliancewithSaxony，bywhichhehopedtorenderhimselfequallyformidabletotheEmperorandtheKingofSweden。Hehadreasontoexpectthatascheme，which，ifsuccessful，woulddeprivetheSwedishmonarchofhisinfluenceinGermany，wouldbewelcomedbytheElectorofSaxony，whoheknewwasjealousofthepowerandoffendedattheloftypretensionsofGustavusAdolphus。

IfhesucceededinseparatingSaxonyfromtheSwedishalliance，andinestablishing，conjointlywiththatpower，athirdpartyintheEmpire，thefateofthewarwouldbeplacedinhishand；andbythissinglestephewouldsucceedingratifyinghisrevengeagainsttheEmperor，revengingtheneglectoftheSwedishmonarch，andontheruinofboth，raisingtheedificeofhisowngreatness。

Butwhatevercoursehemightfollowintheprosecutionofhisdesigns，hecouldnotcarrythemintoeffectwithoutanarmyentirelydevotedtohim。

Suchaforcecouldnotbesecretlyraisedwithoutitscomingtotheknowledgeoftheimperialcourt，whereitwouldnaturallyexcitesuspicion，andthusfrustratehisdesignintheveryoutset。Fromthearmy，too，therebelliouspurposesforwhichitwasdestined，mustbeconcealedtilltheverymomentofexecution，sinceitcouldscarcelybeexpectedthattheywouldatoncebepreparedtolistentothevoiceofatraitor，andserveagainsttheirlegitimatesovereign。Wallenstein，therefore，mustraiseitpubliclyandinnameoftheEmperor，andbeplacedatitshead，withunlimitedauthority，bytheEmperorhimself。Buthowcouldthisbeaccomplished，otherwisethanbyhisbeingappointedtothecommandofthearmy，andentrustedwithfullpowerstoconductthewar。

Yetneitherhispride，norhisinterest，permittedhimtosueinpersonforthispost，andasasupplianttoacceptfromthefavouroftheEmperoralimitedpower，whenanunlimitedauthoritymightbeextortedfromhisfears。

Inordertomakehimselfthemasterofthetermsonwhichhewouldresumethecommandofthearmy，hiscoursewastowaituntilthepostshouldbeforceduponhim。ThiswastheadvicehereceivedfromArnheim，andthistheendforwhichhelabouredwithprofoundpolicyandrestlessactivity。

ConvincedthatextremenecessitywouldaloneconquertheEmperor’sirresolution，andrenderpowerlesstheoppositionofhisbitterenemies，BavariaandSpain，hehenceforthoccupiedhimselfinpromotingthesuccessoftheenemy，andinincreasingtheembarrassmentsofhismaster。Itwasapparentlybyhisinstigationandadvice，thattheSaxons，whenontheroutetoLusatiaandSilesia，hadturnedtheirmarchtowardsBohemia，andoverrunthatdefencelesskingdom，wheretheirrapidconquestswaspartlytheresultofhismeasures。

Bythefearswhichheaffectedtoentertain，heparalyzedeveryeffortatresistance；andhisprecipitateretreatcausedthedeliveryofthecapitaltotheenemy。AtaconferencewiththeSaxongeneral，whichwasheldatKaunitzunderthepretextofnegociatingforapeace，thesealwasputtotheconspiracy，andtheconquestofBohemiawasthefirstfruitsofthismutualunderstanding。WhileWallensteinwasthuspersonallyendeavouringtoheightentheperplexitiesofAustria，andwhiletherapidmovementsoftheSwedesupontheRhineeffectuallypromotedhisdesigns，hisfriendsandbribedadherentsinViennautteredloudcomplaintsofthepubliccalamities，andrepresentedthedismissalofthegeneralasthesolecauseofallthesemisfortunes。

"HadWallensteincommanded，matterswouldneverhavecometothis，"

exclaimedathousandvoices；whiletheiropinionsfoundsupporters，evenintheEmperor’sprivycouncil。

TheirrepeatedremonstranceswerenotneededtoconvincetheembarrassedEmperorofhisgeneral’smerits，andofhisownerror。

HisdependenceonBavariaandtheLeaguehadsoonbecomeinsupportable；

buthithertothisdependencepermittedhimnottoshowhisdistrust，orirritatetheElectorbytherecallofWallenstein。Butnowwhenhisnecessitiesgreweverydaymorepressing，andtheweaknessofBavariamoreapparent，hecouldnolongerhesitatetolistentothefriendsoftheduke，andtoconsidertheiroverturesforhisrestorationtocommand。

TheimmenserichesWallensteinpossessed，theuniversalreputationheenjoyed，therapiditywithwhichsixyearsbeforehehadassembledanarmyof40，000men，thelittleexpenseatwhichhehadmaintainedthisformidableforce，theactionshehadperformedatitshead，andlastly，thezealandfidelityhehaddisplayedforhismaster’shonour，stilllivedintheEmperor’srecollection，andmadeWallensteinseemtohimtheablestinstrumenttorestorethebalancebetweenthebelligerentpowers，tosaveAustria，andpreservetheCatholicreligion。Howeversensiblytheimperialpridemightfeelthehumiliation，inbeingforcedtomakesounequivocalanadmissionofpasterrorsandpresentnecessity；

howeverpainfulitwastodescendtohumbleentreaties，fromtheheightofimperialcommand；howeverdoubtfulthefidelityofsodeeplyinjuredandimplacableacharacter；

howeverloudlyandurgentlytheSpanishministerandtheElectorofBavariaprotestedagainstthisstep，theimmediatepressureofnecessityfinallyovercameeveryotherconsideration，andthefriendsofthedukewereempoweredtoconsulthimonthesubject，andtoholdouttheprospectofhisrestoration。

InformedofallthatwastransactedintheEmperor’scabinettohisadvantage，Wallensteinpossessedsufficientself-commandtoconcealhisinwardtriumphandtoassumethemaskofindifference。Themomentofvengeancewasatlastcome，andhisproudheartexultedintheprospectofrepayingwithinteresttheinjuriesoftheEmperor。Withartfuleloquence，heexpatiateduponthehappytranquillityofaprivatestation，whichhadblessedhimsincehisretirementfromapoliticalstage。

Toolong，hesaid，hadhetastedthepleasuresofeaseandindependence，tosacrificetothevainphantomofglory，theuncertainfavourofprinces。

Allhisdesireofpoweranddistinctionwereextinct:tranquillityandreposewerenowthesoleobjectofhiswishes。Thebettertoconcealhisrealimpatience，hedeclinedtheEmperor’sinvitationtothecourt，butatthesametime，tofacilitatethenegociations，cametoZnaiminMoravia。

Atfirst，itwasproposedtolimittheauthoritytobeintrustedtohim，bythepresenceofasuperior，inorder，bythisexpedient，tosilencetheobjectionsoftheElectorofBavaria。Theimperialdeputies，QuestenbergandWerdenberg，who，asoldfriendsoftheduke，hadbeenemployedinthisdelicatemission，wereinstructedtoproposethattheKingofHungaryshouldremainwiththearmy，andlearntheartofwarunderWallenstein。

Buttheverymentionofhisnamethreatenedtoputaperiodtothewholenegociation。"No！never，"exclaimedWallenstein，"willIsubmittoacolleagueinmyoffice。No——notevenifitwereGodhimself，withwhomIshouldhavetosharemycommand。"

Butevenwhenthisobnoxiouspointwasgivenup，PrinceEggenberg，theEmperor’sministerandfavourite，whohadalwaysbeenthesteadyfriendandzealouschampionofWallenstein，andwasthereforeexpresslysenttohim，exhaustedhiseloquenceinvaintoovercomethepretendedreluctanceoftheduke。"TheEmperor，"headmitted，"had，inWallenstein，thrownawaythemostcostlyjewelinhiscrown:butunwillinglyandcompulsorilyonlyhadhetakenthisstep，whichhehadsincedeeplyrepentedof；whilehisesteemforthedukehadremainedunaltered，hisfavourforhimundiminished。Ofthesesentimentshenowgavethemostdecisiveproof，byreposingunlimitedconfidenceinhisfidelityandcapacitytorepairthemistakesofhispredecessors，andtochangethewholeaspectofaffairs。Itwouldbegreatandnobletosacrificehisjustindignationtothegoodofhiscountry；

dignifiedandworthyofhimtorefutetheevilcalumnyofhisenemiesbythedoublewarmthofhiszeal。Thisvictoryoverhimself，"

concludedtheprince，"wouldcrownhisotherunparalleledservicestotheempire，andrenderhimthegreatestmanofhisage。"

Thesehumiliatingconfessions，andflatteringassurances，seemedatlasttodisarmtheangeroftheduke；butnotbeforehehaddisburdenedhisheartofhisreproachesagainsttheEmperor，pompouslydweltuponhisownservices，andhumbledtotheutmostthemonarchwhosolicitedhisassistance，didhecondescendtolistentotheattractiveproposalsoftheminister。

Asifheyieldedentirelytotheforceoftheirarguments，hecondescendedwithahaughtyreluctancetothatwhichwasthemostardentwishofhisheart；

anddeignedtofavourtheambassadorswitharayofhope。

ButfarfromputtinganendtotheEmperor’sembarrassments，bygivingatonceafullandunconditionalconsent，heonlyaccededtoapartofhisdemands，thathemightexaltthevalueofthatwhichstillremained，andwasofmostimportance。Heacceptedthecommand，butonlyforthreemonths；merelyforthepurposeofraising，butnotofleading，anarmy。Hewishedonlytoshowhispowerandabilityinitsorganization，andtodisplaybeforetheeyesoftheEmperor，thegreatnessofthatassistance，whichhestillretainedinhishands。

Convincedthatanarmyraisedbyhisnamealone，would，ifdeprivedofitscreator，soonsinkagainintonothing，heintendedittoserveonlyasadecoytodrawmoreimportantconcessionsfromhismaster。AndyetFerdinandcongratulatedhimself，eveninhavinggainedsomuchashehad。

WallensteindidnotlongdelaytofulfilthosepromiseswhichallGermanyregardedaschimerical，andwhichGustavusAdolphushadconsideredasextravagant。Butthefoundationforthepresententerprisehadbeenlonglaid，andhenowonlyputinmotionthemachinery，whichmanyyearshadbeenpreparedforthepurpose。ScarcelyhadthenewsspreadofWallenstein’slevies，when，fromeveryquarteroftheAustrianmonarchy，crowdsofsoldiersrepairedtotrytheirfortunesunderthisexperiencedgeneral。Many，whohadbeforefoughtunderhisstandards，hadbeenadmiringeye-witnessesofhisgreatactions，andexperiencedhismagnanimity，cameforwardfromtheirretirement，tosharewithhimasecondtimebothbootyandglory。Thegreatnessofthepayhepromisedattractedthousands，andtheplentifulsuppliesthesoldierwaslikelytoenjoyatthecostofthepeasant，wastothelatteranirresistibleinducementtoembracethemilitarylifeatonce，ratherthanbethevictimofitsoppression。AlltheAustrianprovinceswerecompelledtoassistintheequipment。Noclasswasexemptfromtaxation——nodignityorprivilegefromcapitation。TheSpanishcourt，aswellastheKingofHungary，agreedtocontributeaconsiderablesum。

Theministersmadelargepresents，whileWallensteinhimselfadvanced200，000dollarsfromhisownincometohastenthearmament。

Thepoorerofficershesupportedoutofhisownrevenues；

and，byhisownexample，bybrilliantpromotions，andstillmorebrilliantpromises，heinducedall，whowereable，toraisetroopsattheirownexpense。Whoeverraisedacorpsathisowncostwastobeitscommander。Intheappointmentofofficers，religionmadenodifference。Riches，braveryandexperienceweremoreregardedthancreed。

Bythisuniformtreatmentofdifferentreligioussects，andstillmorebyhisexpressdeclaration，thathispresentlevyhadnothingtodowithreligion，theProtestantsubjectsoftheempireweretranquillized，andreconciledtobeartheirshareofthepublicburdens。Theduke，atthesametime，didnotomittotreat，inhisownname，withforeignstatesformenandmoney。HeprevailedontheDukeofLorraine，asecondtime，toespousethecauseoftheEmperor。PolandwasurgedtosupplyhimwithCossacks，andItalywithwarlikenecessaries。Beforethethreemonthswereexpired，thearmywhichwasassembledinMoravia，amountedtonolessthan40，000men，chieflydrawnfromtheunconqueredpartsofBohemia，fromMoravia，Silesia，andtheGermanprovincesoftheHouseofAustria。

Whattoeveryonehadappearedimpracticable，Wallenstein，totheastonishmentofallEurope，hadinashorttimeeffected。

Thecharmofhisname，histreasures，andhisgenius，hadassembledthousandsinarms，wherebeforeAustriahadonlylookedforhundreds。

Furnished，eventosuperfluity，withallnecessaries，commandedbyexperiencedofficers，andinflamedbyenthusiasmwhichassureditselfofvictory，thisnewlycreatedarmyonlyawaitedthesignaloftheirleadertoshowthemselves，bythebraveryoftheirdeeds，worthyofhischoice。

Thedukehadfulfilledhispromise，andthetroopswerereadytotakethefield；hethenretired，andlefttotheEmperortochooseacommander。Butitwouldhavebeenaseasytoraiseasecondarmylikethefirst，astofindanyothercommanderforitthanWallenstein。

Thispromisingarmy，thelasthopeoftheEmperor，wasnothingbutanillusion，assoonasthecharmwasdissolvedwhichhadcalleditintoexistence；byWallensteinithadbeenraised，and，withouthim，itsanklikeacreationofmagicintoitsoriginalnothingness。

Itsofficerswereeitherboundtohimashisdebtors，or，ashiscreditors，closelyconnectedwithhisinterests，andthepreservationofhispower。

Theregimentshehadentrustedtohisownrelations，creatures，andfavourites。He，andhealone，coulddischargetothetroopstheextravagantpromisesbywhichtheyhadbeenluredintohisservice。Hispledgedwordwastheonlysecurityonwhichtheirboldexpectationsrested；ablindrelianceonhisomnipotence，theonlytiewhichlinkedtogetherinonecommonlifeandsoulthevariousimpulsesoftheirzeal。Therewasanendofthegoodfortuneofeachindividual，ifheretired，whoalonewasthevoucherofitsfulfilment。

HoweverlittleWallensteinwasseriousinhisrefusal，hesuccessfullyemployedthismeanstoterrifytheEmperorintoconsentingtohisextravagantconditions。TheprogressoftheenemyeverydayincreasedthepressureoftheEmperor’sdifficulties，whiletheremedywasalsocloseathand；awordfromhimmightterminatethegeneralembarrassment。

PrinceEggenbergatlengthreceivedorders，forthethirdandlasttime，atanycostandsacrifice，toinducehisfriend，Wallenstein，toacceptthecommand。

HefoundhimatZnaiminMoravia，pompouslysurroundedbythetroops，thepossessionofwhichhemadetheEmperorsoearnestlytolongfor。

Asasuppliantdidthehaughtysubjectreceivethedeputyofhissovereign。

"Henevercouldtrust，"hesaid，"toarestorationtocommand，whichheowedtotheEmperor’snecessities，andnottohissenseofjustice。

Hewasnowcourted，becausethedangerhadreacheditsheight，andsafetywashopedforfromhisarmonly；buthissuccessfulserviceswouldsooncausetheservanttobeforgotten，andthereturnofsecuritywouldbringbackrenewedingratitude。Ifhedeceivedtheexpectationsformedofhim，hislongearnedrenownwouldbeforfeited；

evenifhefulfilledthem，hisreposeandhappinessmustbesacrificed。

Soonwouldenvybeexcitedanew，andthedependentmonarchwouldnothesitate，asecondtime，tomakeanofferingofconveniencetoaservantwhomhecouldnowdispensewith。Betterforhimatonce，andvoluntarily，toresignapostfromwhichsoonerorlatertheintriguesofhisenemieswouldexpelhim。Securityandcontentweretobefoundinthebosomofprivatelife；andnothingbutthewishtoobligetheEmperorhadinducedhim，reluctantlyenough，torelinquishforatimehisblissfulrepose。"

Tiredofthislongfarce，theministeratlastassumedaserioustone，andthreatenedtheobstinatedukewiththeEmperor’sresentment，ifhepersistedinhisrefusal。"Lowenoughhadtheimperialdignity，"

headded，"stoopedalready；andyet，insteadofexcitinghismagnanimitybyitscondescension，hadonlyflatteredhisprideandincreasedhisobstinacy。Ifthissacrificehadbeenmadeinvain，hewouldnotanswer，butthatthesuppliantmightbeconvertedintothesovereign，andthatthemonarchmightnotavengehisinjureddignityonhisrebellioussubject。HowevergreatlyFerdinandmayhaveerred，theEmperoratleasthadaclaimtoobedience；themanmightbemistaken，butthemonarchcouldnotconfesshiserror。IftheDukeofFriedlandhadsufferedbyanunjustdecree，hemightyetberecompensedforallhislosses；thewoundwhichithaditselfinflicted，thehandofMajestymightheal。Ifheaskedsecurityforhispersonandhisdignities，theEmperor’sequitywouldrefusehimnoreasonabledemand。

Majestycontemned，admittednotofanyatonement；disobediencetoitscommandscancelledthemostbrilliantservices。TheEmperorrequiredhisservices，andasemperorhedemandedthem。WhateverpriceWallensteinmightsetuponthem，theEmperorwouldreadilyagreeto；buthedemandedobedience，ortheweightofhisindignationshouldcrushtherefractoryservant。"

Wallenstein，whoseextensivepossessionswithintheAustrianmonarchyweremomentarilyexposedtothepoweroftheEmperor，waskeenlysensiblethatthiswasnoidlethreat；yetitwasnotfearthatatlastovercamehisaffectedreluctance。Thisimperioustoneofitself，wastohismindaplainproofoftheweaknessanddespairwhichdictatedit，whiletheEmperor’sreadinesstoyieldallhisdemands，convincedhimthathehadattainedthesummitofhiswishes。

HenowmadeashowofyieldingtothepersuasionsofEggenberg；andlefthim，inordertowritedowntheconditionsonwhichheacceptedthecommand。

Notwithoutapprehension，didtheministerreceivethewriting，inwhichtheproudestofsubjectshadprescribedlawstotheproudestofsovereigns。Buthoweverlittleconfidencehehadinthemoderationofhisfriend，theextravagantcontentsofhiswritingsurpassedevenhisworstexpectations。WallensteinrequiredtheuncontrolledcommandoveralltheGermanarmiesofAustriaandSpain，withunlimitedpowerstorewardandpunish。NeithertheKingofHungary，northeEmperorhimself，weretoappearinthearmy，stilllesstoexerciseanyactofauthorityoverit。Nocommissioninthearmy，nopensionorletterofgrace，wastobegrantedbytheEmperorwithoutWallenstein’sapproval。

Alltheconquestsandconfiscationsthatshouldtakeplace，weretobeplacedentirelyatWallenstein’sdisposal，totheexclusionofeveryothertribunal。

Forhisordinarypay，animperialhereditaryestatewastobeassignedhim，withanotheroftheconqueredestateswithintheempireforhisextraordinaryexpenses。EveryAustrianprovincewastobeopenedtohimifherequireditincaseofretreat。HefartherdemandedtheassuranceofthepossessionoftheDuchyofMecklenburg，intheeventofafuturepeace；andaformalandtimelyintimation，ifitshouldbedeemednecessaryasecondtimetodeprivehimofthecommand。

Invaintheministerentreatedhimtomoderatehisdemands，which，ifgranted，woulddeprivetheEmperorofallauthorityoverhisowntroops，andmakehimabsolutelydependentonhisgeneral。Thevalueplacedonhisserviceshadbeentooplainlymanifestedtopreventhimdictatingthepriceatwhichtheyweretobepurchased。IfthepressureofcircumstancescompelledtheEmperortograntthesedemands，itwasmorethanamerefeelingofhaughtinessanddesireofrevengewhichinducedtheduketomakethem。Hisplansofrebellionwereformed，totheirsuccess，everyoneoftheconditionsforwhichWallensteinstipulatedinthistreatywiththecourt，wasindispensable。ThoseplansrequiredthattheEmperorshouldbedeprivedofallauthorityinGermany，andbeplacedatthemercyofhisgeneral；andthisobjectwouldbeattained，themomentFerdinandsubscribedtherequiredconditions。TheusewhichWallensteinintendedtomakeofhisarmy，(widelydifferentindeedfromthatforwhichitwasentrustedtohim，)brookednotofadividedpower，andstilllessofanauthoritysuperiortohisown。Tobethesolemasterofthewillofhistroops，hemustalsobethesolemasteroftheirdestinies；

insensiblytosupplanthissovereign，andtotransferpermanentlytohisownpersontherightsofsovereignty，whichwereonlylenttohimforatimebyahigherauthority，hemustcautiouslykeepthelatteroutoftheviewofthearmy。HencehisobstinaterefusaltoallowanyprinceofthehouseofAustriatobepresentwiththearmy。

Thelibertyoffreedisposalofalltheconqueredandconfiscatedestatesintheempire，wouldalsoaffordhimfearfulmeansofpurchasingdependentsandinstrumentsofhisplans，andofactingthedictatorinGermanymoreabsolutelythaneveranyEmperordidintimeofpeace。

BytherighttouseanyoftheAustrianprovincesasaplaceofrefuge，incaseofneed，hehadfullpowertoholdtheEmperoraprisonerbymeansofhisownforces，andwithinhisowndominions；

toexhaustthestrengthandresourcesofthesecountries，andtounderminethepowerofAustriainitsveryfoundation。

Whatevermightbetheissue，hehadequallysecuredhisownadvantage，bytheconditionshehadextortedfromtheEmperor。Ifcircumstancesprovedfavourabletohisdaringproject，thistreatywiththeEmperorfacilitateditsexecution；ifonthecontrary，thecourseofthingsrancountertoit，itwouldatleastaffordhimabrilliantcompensationforthefailureofhisplans。Buthowcouldheconsideranagreementvalid，whichwasextortedfromhissovereign，andbasedupontreason？

HowcouldhehopetobindtheEmperorbyawrittenagreement，inthefaceofalawwhichcondemnedtodeatheveryonewhoshouldhavethepresumptiontoimposeconditionsuponhim？Butthiscriminalwasthemostindispensablemanintheempire，andFerdinand，wellpractisedindissimulation，grantedhimforthepresentallherequired。

Atlast，then，theimperialarmyhadfoundacommander-in-chiefworthyofthename。Everyotherauthorityinthearmy，eventhatoftheEmperorhimself，ceasedfromthemomentWallensteinassumedthecommander’sbaton，andeveryactwasinvalidwhichdidnotproceedfromhim。FromthebanksoftheDanube，tothoseoftheWeserandtheOder，wasfeltthelife-givingdawningofthisnewstar；anewspiritseemedtoinspirethetroopsoftheemperor，anewepochofthewarbegan。

ThePapistsformfreshhopes，theProtestantbeholdswithanxietythechangedcourseofaffairs。

Thegreaterthepriceatwhichtheservicesofthenewgeneralhadbeenpurchased，thegreaterjustlyweretheexpectationsfromthosewhichthecourtoftheEmperorentertained。Butthedukewasinnohurrytofulfiltheseexpectations。AlreadyinthevicinityofBohemia，andattheheadofaformidableforce，hehadbuttoshowhimselfthere，inordertooverpowertheexhaustedforceoftheSaxons，andbrilliantlytocommencehisnewcareerbythereconquestofthatkingdom。

But，contentedwithharassingtheenemywithindecisiveskirmishesofhisCroats，heabandonedthebestpartofthatkingdomtobeplundered，andmovedcalmlyforwardinpursuitofhisownselfishplans。Hisdesignwas，nottoconquertheSaxons，buttounitewiththem。Exclusivelyoccupiedwiththisimportantobject，heremainedinactiveinthehopeofconqueringmoresurelybymeansofnegociation。Heleftnoexpedientuntried，todetachthisprincefromtheSwedishalliance；andFerdinandhimself，everinclinedtoanaccommodationwiththisprince，approvedofthisproceeding。ButthegreatdebtwhichSaxonyowedtoSweden，wasasyettoofreshlyrememberedtoallowofsuchanactofperfidy；

andevenhadtheElectorbeendisposedtoyieldtothetemptation，theequivocalcharacterofWallenstein，andthebadcharacterofAustrianpolicy，precludedanyrelianceintheintegrityofitspromises。

Notoriousalreadyasatreacherousstatesman，hemetnotwithfaithupontheveryoccasionwhenperhapsheintendedtoacthonestly；

and，moreover，wasdenied，bycircumstances，theopportunityofprovingthesincerityofhisintentions，bythedisclosureofhisrealmotives。

He，therefore，unwillinglyresolvedtoextort，byforceofarms，whathecouldnotobtainbynegociation。Suddenlyassemblinghistroops，heappearedbeforePragueeretheSaxonshadtimetoadvancetoitsrelief。

Afterashortresistance，thetreacheryofsomeCapuchinsopensthegatestooneofhisregiments；andthegarrison，whohadtakenrefugeinthecitadel，soonlaiddowntheirarmsupondisgracefulconditions。

Masterofthecapital，hehopedtocarryonmoresuccessfullyhisnegociationsattheSaxoncourt；butevenwhilehewasrenewinghisproposalstoArnheim，hedidnothesitatetogivethemweightbystrikingadecisiveblow。HehastenedtoseizethenarrowpassesbetweenAussigandPirna，withaviewofcuttingofftheretreatoftheSaxonsintotheirowncountry；buttherapidityofArnheim’soperationsfortunatelyextricatedthemfromthedanger。Aftertheretreatofthisgeneral，EgraandLeutmeritz，thelaststrongholdsoftheSaxons，surrenderedtotheconqueror:andthewholekingdomwasrestoredtoitslegitimatesovereign，inlesstimethanithadbeenlost。

Wallenstein，lessoccupiedwiththeinterestsofhismaster，thanwiththefurtheranceofhisownplans，nowpurposedtocarrythewarintoSaxony，andbyravaginghisterritories，compeltheElectortoenterintoaprivatetreatywiththeEmperor，orratherwithhimself。

But，howeverlittleaccustomedhewastomakehiswillbendtocircumstances，henowperceivedthenecessityofpostponinghisfavouriteschemeforatime，toamorepressingemergency。WhilehewasdrivingtheSaxonsfromBohemia，GustavusAdolphushadbeengainingthevictories，alreadydetailed，ontheRhineandtheDanube，andcarriedthewarthroughFranconiaandSwabia，tothefrontiersofBavaria。Maximilian，defeatedontheLech，anddeprivedbydeathofCountTilly，hisbestsupport，urgentlysolicitedtheEmperortosendwithallspeedtheDukeofFriedlandtohisassistance，fromBohemia，andbythedefenceofBavaria，toavertthedangerfromAustriaitself。HealsomadethesamerequesttoWallenstein，andentreatedhim，tillhecouldhimselfcomewiththemainforce，todespatchinthemeantimeafewregimentstohisaid。

Ferdinandsecondedtherequestwithallhisinfluence，andonemessengerafteranotherwassenttoWallenstein，urginghimtomovetowardstheDanube。

ItnowappearedhowcompletelytheEmperorhadsacrificedhisauthority，insurrenderingtoanotherthesupremecommandofhistroops。

IndifferenttoMaximilian’sentreaties，anddeaftotheEmperor’srepeatedcommands，WallensteinremainedinactiveinBohemia，andabandonedtheElectortohisfate。TheremembranceoftheevilservicewhichMaximilianhadrenderedhimwiththeEmperor，attheDietatRatisbon，wasdeeplyengravedontheimplacablemindoftheduke，andtheElector’slateattemptstopreventhisreinstatement，werenosecrettohim。Themomentofrevengingthisaffronthadnowarrived，andMaximilianwasdoomedtopaydearlyforhisfolly，inprovokingthemostrevengefulofmen。Wallensteinmaintained，thatBohemiaoughtnottobeleftexposed，andthatAustriacouldnotbebetterprotected，thanbyallowingtheSwedisharmytowasteitsstrengthbeforetheBavarianfortress。Thus，bythearmoftheSwedes，hechastisedhisenemy；andwhileoneplaceafteranotherfellintotheirhands，heallowedtheElectorvainlytoawaithisarrivalinRatisbon。ItwasonlywhenthecompletesubjugationofBohemialefthimwithoutexcuse，andtheconquestsofGustavusAdolphusinBavariathreatenedAustriaitself，thatheyieldedtothepressingentreatiesoftheElectorandtheEmperor，anddeterminedtoeffectthelong-expectedunionwiththeformer；anevent，which，accordingtothegeneralanticipationoftheRomanCatholics，woulddecidethefateofthecampaign。

GustavusAdolphus，tooweakinnumberstocopeevenwithWallenstein’sforcealone，naturallydreadedthejunctionofsuchpowerfularmies，andthelittleenergyheusedtopreventit，wastheoccasionofgreatsurprise。Apparentlyhereckonedtoomuchonthehatredwhichalienatedtheleaders，andseemedtorendertheireffectualco-operationimprobable；whentheeventcontradictedhisviews，itwastoolatetorepairhiserror。Onthefirstcertainintelligencehereceivedoftheirdesigns，hehastenedtotheUpperPalatinate，forthepurposeofinterceptingtheElector:butthelatterhadalreadyarrivedthere，andthejunctionhadbeeneffectedatEgra。

ThisfrontiertownhadbeenchosenbyWallenstein，forthesceneofhistriumphoverhisproudrival。Notcontentwithhavingseenhim，asitwere，asuppliantathisfeet，heimposeduponhimthehardconditionofleavinghisterritoriesinhisrearexposedtotheenemy，anddeclaringbythislongmarchtomeethim，thenecessityanddistresstowhichhewasreduced。Eventothishumiliation，thehaughtyprincepatientlysubmitted。Ithadcosthimaseverestruggletoaskforprotectionofthemanwho，ifhisownwisheshadbeenconsulted，wouldneverhavehadthepowerofgrantingit:buthavingoncemadeuphismindtoit，hewasreadytobearalltheannoyanceswhichwereinseparablefromthatresolve，andsufficientlymasterofhimselftoputupwithpettygrievances，whenanimportantendwasinview。

Butwhateverpainsithadcosttoeffectthisjunction，itwasequallydifficulttosettletheconditionsonwhichitwastobemaintained。

Theunitedarmymustbeplacedunderthecommandofoneindividual，ifanyobjectwastobegainedbytheunion，andeachgeneralwasequallyaversetoyieldtothesuperiorauthorityoftheother。

IfMaximilianrestedhisclaimonhiselectoraldignity，thenoblenessofhisdescent，andhisinfluenceintheempire，Wallenstein’smilitaryrenown，andtheunlimitedcommandconferredonhimbytheEmperor，gaveanequallystrongtitletoit。Ifitwasdeeplyhumiliatingtotheprideoftheformertoserveunderanimperialsubject，theideaofimposinglawsonsoimperiousaspirit，flatteredinthesamedegreethehaughtinessofWallenstein。Anobstinatedisputeensued，which，however，terminatedinamutualcompromisetoWallenstein’sadvantage。

Tohimwasassignedtheunlimitedcommandofbotharmies，particularlyinbattle，whiletheElectorwasdeprivedofallpowerofalteringtheorderofbattle，oreventherouteofthearmy。

Heretainedonlythebarerightofpunishingandrewardinghisowntroops，andthefreeuseofthese，whennotactinginconjunctionwiththeImperialists。

Afterthesepreliminariesweresettled，thetwogeneralsatlastventureduponaninterview；butnotuntiltheyhadmutuallypromisedtoburythepastinoblivion，andalltheoutwardformalitiesofareconciliationhadbeensettled。Accordingtoagreement，theypubliclyembracedinthesightoftheirtroops，andmademutualprofessionsoffriendship，whileinrealitytheheartsofbothwereoverflowingwithmalice。Maximilian，wellversedindissimulation，hadsufficientcommandoverhimself，nottobetrayinasinglefeaturehisrealfeelings；butamalicioustriumphsparkledintheeyesofWallenstein，andtheconstraintwhichwasvisibleinallhismovements，betrayedtheviolenceoftheemotionwhichoverpoweredhisproudsoul。

ThecombinedImperialandBavarianarmiesamountedtonearly60，000men，chieflyveterans。Beforethisforce，theKingofSwedenwasnotinaconditiontokeepthefield。Ashisattempttopreventtheirjunctionhadfailed，hecommencedarapidretreatintoFranconia，andawaitedthereforsomedecisivemovementonthepartoftheenemy，inordertoformhisownplans。ThepositionofthecombinedarmiesbetweenthefrontiersofSaxonyandBavaria，leftitforsometimedoubtfulwhethertheywouldremovethewarintotheformer，orendeavourtodrivetheSwedesfromtheDanube，anddeliverBavaria。SaxonyhadbeenstrippedoftroopsbyArnheim，whowaspursuinghisconquestsinSilesia；notwithoutasecretdesign，itwasgenerallysupposed，offavouringtheentranceoftheDukeofFriedlandintothatelectorate，andofthusdrivingtheirresoluteJohnGeorgeintopeacewiththeEmperor。

GustavusAdolphushimself，fullypersuadedthatWallenstein’sviewsweredirectedagainstSaxony，hastilydespatchedastrongreinforcementtotheassistanceofhisconfederate，withtheintention，assoonascircumstanceswouldallow，offollowingwiththemainbody。

ButthemovementsofWallenstein’sarmysoonledhimtosuspectthathehimselfwastheobjectofattack；andtheDuke’smarchthroughtheUpperPalatinate，placedthematterbeyondadoubt。

Thequestionnowwas，howtoprovideforhisownsecurity，andtheprizewasnolongerhissupremacy，buthisveryexistence。

Hisfertilegeniusmustnowsupplythemeans，notofconquest，butofpreservation。Theapproachoftheenemyhadsurprisedhimbeforehehadtimetoconcentratehistroops，whichwerescatteredalloverGermany，ortosummonhisalliestohisaid。Tooweaktomeettheenemyinthefield，hehadnochoiceleft，buteithertothrowhimselfintoNuremberg，andruntheriskofbeingshutupinitswalls，ortosacrificethatcity，andawaitareinforcementunderthecannonofDonauwerth。Indifferenttodangerordifficulty，whileheobeyedthecallofhumanityorhonour，hechosethefirstwithouthesitation，firmlyresolvedtoburyhimselfwithhiswholearmyundertheruinsofNuremberg，ratherthantopurchasehisownsafetybythesacrificeofhisconfederates。

Measureswereimmediatelytakentosurroundthecityandsuburbswithredoubts，andtoformanentrenchedcamp。Severalthousandworkmenimmediatelycommencedthisextensivework，andanheroicdeterminationtohazardlifeandpropertyinthecommoncause，animatedtheinhabitantsofNuremberg。Atrench，eightfeetdeepandtwelvebroad，surroundedthewholefortification；thelinesweredefendedbyredoubtsandbatteries，thegatesbyhalfmoons。TheriverPegnitz，whichflowsthroughNuremberg，dividedthewholecampintotwosemicircles，whosecommunicationwassecuredbyseveralbridges。Aboutthreehundredpiecesofcannondefendedthetown-wallsandtheintrenchments。

Thepeasantryfromtheneighbouringvillages，andtheinhabitantsofNuremberg，assistedtheSwedishsoldierssozealously，thatontheseventhdaythearmywasabletoenterthecamp，and，inafortnight，thisgreatworkwascompleted。

Whiletheseoperationswerecarriedonwithoutthewalls，themagistratesofNurembergwerebusilyoccupiedinfillingthemagazineswithprovisionsandammunitionforalongsiege。Measuresweretaken，atthesametime，tosecurethehealthoftheinhabitants，whichwaslikelytobeendangeredbytheconfluxofsomanypeople；

cleanlinesswasenforcedbythestrictestregulations。Inorder，ifnecessary，tosupporttheKing，theyouthofthecitywereembodiedandtrainedtoarms，themilitiaofthetownconsiderablyreinforced，andanewregimentraised，consistingoffour-and-twentynames，accordingtothelettersofthealphabet。Gustavushad，inthemeantime，calledtohisassistancehisallies，DukeWilliamofWeimar，andtheLandgraveofHesseCassel；andorderedhisgeneralsontheRhine，inThuringiaandLowerSaxony，tocommencetheirmarchimmediately，andjoinhimwiththeirtroopsinNuremberg。Hisarmy，whichwasencampedwithinthelines，didnotamounttomorethan16，000men，scarcelyathirdoftheenemy。

TheImperialistshad，inthemeantime，byslowmarches，advancedtoNeumark，whereWallensteinmadeageneralreview。Atthesightofthisformidableforce，hecouldnotrefrainfromindulginginachildishboast:

"Infourdays，"saidhe，"itwillbeshownwhetherIortheKingofSwedenistobemasteroftheworld。"Yet，notwithstandinghissuperiority，hedidnothingtofulfilhispromise；andevenletsliptheopportunityofcrushinghisenemy，whenthelatterhadthehardihoodtoleavehislinestomeethim。"Battlesenoughhavebeenfought，"washisanswertothosewhoadvisedhimtoattacktheKing，"itisnowtimetotryanothermethod。"

Wallenstein’swell-foundedreputationrequirednotanyofthoserashenterprisesonwhichyoungersoldiersrush，inthehopeofgaininganame。

Satisfiedthattheenemy’sdespairwoulddearlysellavictory，whileadefeatwouldirretrievablyruintheEmperor’saffairs，heresolvedtowearouttheardourofhisopponentbyatediousblockade，andbythusdeprivinghimofeveryopportunityofavailinghimselfofhisimpetuousbravery，takefromhimtheveryadvantagewhichhadhithertorenderedhiminvincible。Withoutmakinganyattack，therefore，heerectedastrongfortifiedcampontheothersideofthePegnitz，andoppositeNuremberg；and，bythiswellchosenposition，cutofffromthecityandthecampofGustavusallsuppliesfromFranconia，Swabia，andThuringia。ThusheheldinsiegeatoncethecityandtheKing，andflatteredhimselfwiththehopeofslowly，butsurely，wearingoutbyfamineandpestilencethecourageofhisopponentwhomhehadnowishtoencounterinthefield。

Littleaware，however，oftheresourcesandthestrengthofhisadversary，Wallensteinhadnottakensufficientprecautionstoavertfromhimselfthefatehewasdesigningforothers。Fromthewholeoftheneighbouringcountry，thepeasantryhadfledwiththeirproperty；

andwhatlittleprovisionremained，mustbeobstinatelycontestedwiththeSwedes。TheKingsparedthemagazineswithinthetown，aslongasitwaspossibletoprovisionhisarmyfromwithout；

andtheseforaysproducedconstantskirmishesbetweentheCroatsandtheSwedishcavalry，ofwhichthesurroundingcountryexhibitedthemostmelancholytraces。Thenecessariesoflifemustbeobtainedswordinhand；andtheforagingpartiescouldnotventureoutwithoutanumerousescort。Andwhenthissupplyfailed，thetownopeneditsmagazinestotheKing，butWallensteinhadtosupporthistroopsfromadistance。AlargeconvoyfromBavariawasonitswaytohim，withanescortofathousandmen。GustavusAdolphushavingreceivedintelligenceofitsapproach，immediatelysentoutaregimentofcavalrytointerceptit；andthedarknessofthenightfavouredtheenterprise。

Thewholeconvoy，withthetowninwhichitwas，fellintothehandsoftheSwedes；theImperialescortwascuttopieces；about1，200cattlecarriedoff；andathousandwaggons，loadedwithbread，whichcouldnotbebroughtaway，weresetonfire。Sevenregiments，whichWallensteinhadsentforwardtoAltdorptocovertheentranceofthelongandanxiouslyexpectedconvoy，wereattackedbytheKing，whohad，inlikemanner，advancedtocovertheretreatofhiscavalry，androutedafteranobstinateaction，beingdrivenbackintotheImperialcamp，withthelossof400men。Somanychecksanddifficulties，andsofirmandunexpectedaresistanceonthepartoftheKing，madetheDukeofFriedlandrepentthathehaddeclinedtohazardabattle。

ThestrengthoftheSwedishcamprenderedanattackimpracticable；

andthearmedyouthofNurembergservedtheKingasanurseryfromwhichhecouldsupplyhislossoftroops。Thewantofprovisions，whichbegantobefeltintheImperialcampasstronglyasintheSwedish，renderedituncertainwhichpartywouldbefirstcompelledtogiveway。

Fifteendayshadthetwoarmiesnowremainedinviewofeachother，equallydefendedbyinaccessibleentrenchments，withoutattemptinganythingmorethanslightattacksandunimportantskirmishes。Onbothsides，infectiousdiseases，thenaturalconsequenceofbadfood，andacrowdedpopulation，hadoccasionedagreaterlossthanthesword。

Andthisevildailyincreased。Butatlength，thelongexpectedsuccoursarrivedintheSwedishcamp；andbythisstrongreinforcement，theKingwasnowenabledtoobeythedictatesofhisnativecourage，andtobreakthechainswhichhadhithertofetteredhim。

Inobediencetohisrequisitions，theDukeofWeimarhadhastilydrawntogetheracorpsfromthegarrisonsinLowerSaxonyandThuringia，which，atSchweinfurtinFranconia，wasjoinedbyfourSaxonregiments，andatKitzingenbythecorpsoftheRhine，whichtheLandgraveofHesse，andthePalatineofBirkenfeld，despatchedtothereliefoftheKing。

TheChancellor，Oxenstiern，undertooktoleadthisforcetoitsdestination。

AfterbeingjoinedatWindsheimbytheDukeofWeimarhimself，andtheSwedishGeneralBanner，headvancedbyrapidmarchestoBruckandEltersdorf，wherehepassedtheRednitz，andreachedtheSwedishcampinsafety。Thisreinforcementamountedtonearly50，000men，andwasattendedbyatrainof60piecesofcannon，and4，000baggagewaggons。Gustavusnowsawhimselfattheheadofanarmyofnearly70，000strong，withoutreckoningthemilitiaofNuremberg，which，incaseofnecessity，couldbringintothefieldabout30，000

fightingmen；aformidableforce，opposedtoanothernotlessformidable。

Thewarseemedatlengthcompressedtothepointofasinglebattle，whichwastodecideitsfearfulissue。Withdividedsympathies，Europelookedwithanxietytothisscene，wherethewholestrengthofthetwocontendingpartieswasfearfullydrawn，asitwere，toafocus。

If，beforethearrivaloftheSwedishsuccours，awantofprovisionshadbeenfelt，theevilwasnowfearfullyincreasedtoadreadfulheightinbothcamps，forWallensteinhadalsoreceivedreinforcementsfromBavaria。

Besidesthe120，000menconfrontedtoeachother，andmorethan50，000horses，inthetwoarmies，andbesidestheinhabitantsofNuremberg，whosenumberfarexceededtheSwedisharmy，therewereinthecampofWallensteinabout15，000women，withasmanydrivers，andnearlythesamenumberinthatoftheSwedes。Thecustomofthetimepermittedthesoldiertocarryhisfamilywithhimtothefield。AnumberofprostitutesfollowedtheImperialists；while，withtheviewofpreventingsuchexcesses，Gustavus’scareforthemoralsofhissoldierspromotedmarriages。

Fortherisinggeneration，whohadthiscampfortheirhomeandcountry，regularmilitaryschoolswereestablished，whicheducatedaraceofexcellentwarriors，bywhichmeansthearmymightinamannerrecruititselfinthecourseofalongcampaign。Nowonder，then，ifthesewanderingnationsexhaustedeveryterritoryinwhichtheyencamped，andbytheirimmenseconsumptionraisedthenecessariesoflifetoanexorbitantprice。AllthemillsofNurembergwereinsufficienttogrindthecornrequiredforeachday；and15，000poundsofbread，whichweredailydelivered，bythetownintotheSwedishcamp，excited，withoutallaying，thehungerofthesoldiers。

ThelaudableexertionsofthemagistratesofNurembergcouldnotpreventthegreaterpartofthehorsesfromdyingforwantofforage，whiletheincreasingmortalityinthecampconsignedmorethanahundredmendailytothegrave。

Toputanendtothesedistresses，GustavusAdolphus，relyingonhisnumericalsuperiority，lefthislinesonthe25thday，formingbeforetheenemyinorderofbattle，whilehecannonadedtheduke’scampfromthreebatterieserectedonthesideoftheRednitz。

Butthedukeremainedimmoveableinhisentrenchments，andcontentedhimselfwithansweringthischallengebyadistantfireofcannonandmusketry。Hisplanwastowearoutthekingbyhisinactivity，andbytheforceoffaminetoovercomehisresolutedetermination；

andneithertheremonstrancesofMaximilian，andtheimpatienceofhisarmy，northeridiculeofhisopponent，couldshakehispurpose。Gustavus，deceivedinhishopeofforcingabattle，andcompelledbyhisincreasingnecessities，nowattemptedimpossibilities，andresolvedtostormapositionwhichartandnaturehadcombinedtorenderimpregnable。

IntrustinghisowncamptothemilitiaofNuremberg，onthefifty-eighthdayofhisencampment，(thefestivalofSt。Bartholomew，)headvancedinfullorderofbattle，andpassingtheRednitzatFurth，easilydrovetheenemy’soutpostsbeforehim。ThemainarmyoftheImperialistswaspostedonthesteepheightsbetweentheBiberandtheRednitz，calledtheOldFortressandAltenberg；whilethecampitself，commandedbytheseeminences，spreadoutimmeasurablyalongtheplain。

Ontheseheights，thewholeoftheartillerywasplaced。

Deeptrenchessurroundedinaccessibleredoubts，whilethickbarricadoes，withpointedpalisades，defendedtheapproachestotheheights，fromthesummitsofwhich，Wallensteincalmlyandsecurelydischargedthelightningsofhisartilleryfromamidthedarkthunder-cloudsofsmoke。

Adestructivefireofmusketrywasmaintainedbehindthebreastworks，andahundredpiecesofcannonthreatenedthedesperateassailantwithcertaindestruction。AgainstthisdangerouspostGustavusnowdirectedhisattack；fivehundredmusketeers，supportedbyafewinfantry，(foragreaternumbercouldnotactinthenarrowspace，)

enjoyedtheunenviedprivilegeoffirstthrowingthemselvesintotheopenjawsofdeath。Theassaultwasfurious，theresistanceobstinate。

Exposedtothewholefireoftheenemy’sartillery，andinfuriatebytheprospectofinevitabledeath，thesedeterminedwarriorsrushedforwardtostormtheheights；which，inaninstant，convertedintoaflamingvolcano，dischargedonthemashowerofshot。

Atthesamemoment，theheavycavalryrushedforwardintotheopeningswhichtheartilleryhadmadeinthecloseranksoftheassailants，anddividedthem；tilltheintrepidband，conqueredbythestrengthofnatureandofman，tooktoflight，leavingahundreddeaduponthefield。

ToGermanshadGustavusyieldedthispostofhonour。Exasperatedattheirretreat，henowledonhisFinlanderstotheattack，thinking，bytheirnortherncourage，toshamethecowardiceoftheGermans。

Butthey，also，afterasimilarhotreception，yieldedtothesuperiorityoftheenemy；andathirdregimentsucceededthemtoexperiencethesamefate。

Thiswasreplacedbyafourth，afifth，andasixth；sothat，duringatenhours’action，everyregimentwasbroughttotheattacktoretirewithbloodylossfromthecontest。Athousandmangledbodiescoveredthefield；yetGustavusundauntedlymaintainedtheattack，andWallensteinheldhispositionunshaken。

Inthemeantime，asharpcontesthadtakenplacebetweentheimperialcavalryandtheleftwingoftheSwedes，whichwaspostedinathicketontheRednitz，withvaryingsuccess，butwithequalintrepidityandlossonbothsides。

TheDukeofFriedlandandPrinceBernardofWeimarhadeachahorseshotunderthem；thekinghimselfhadthesoleofhisbootcarriedoffbyacannonball。Thecombatwasmaintainedwithundiminishedobstinacy，tilltheapproachofnightseparatedthecombatants。ButtheSwedeshadadvancedtoofartoretreatwithouthazard。Whilethekingwasseekinganofficertoconveytotheregimentstheordertoretreat，hemetColonelHepburn，abraveScotchman，whosenativecouragealonehaddrawnhimfromthecamptoshareinthedangersoftheday。

Offendedwiththekingforhavingnotlongbeforepreferredayoungerofficerforsomepostofdanger，hehadrashlyvowedneveragaintodrawhisswordfortheking。TohimGustavusnowaddressedhimself，praisinghiscourage，andrequestinghimtoordertheregimentstoretreat。"Sire，"

repliedthebravesoldier，"itistheonlyserviceIcannotrefusetoyourMajesty；foritisahazardousone，"——andimmediatelyhastenedtocarrythecommand。Oneoftheheightsabovetheoldfortresshad，intheheatoftheaction，beencarriedbytheDukeofWeimar。

Itcommandedthehillsandthewholecamp。Buttheheavyrainwhichfellduringthenight，rendereditimpossibletodrawupthecannon；andthispost，whichhadbeengainedwithsomuchbloodshed，wasalsovoluntarilyabandoned。

Diffidentoffortune，whichforsookhimonthisdecisiveday，thekingdidnotventurethefollowingmorningtorenewtheattackwithhisexhaustedtroops；andvanquishedforthefirsttime，evenbecausehewasnotvictor，heledbackhistroopsovertheRednitz。

Twothousanddeadwhichheleftbehindhimonthefield，testifiedtotheextentofhisloss；andtheDukeofFriedlandremainedunconqueredwithinhislines。

Forfourteendaysafterthisaction，thetwoarmiesstillcontinuedinfrontofeachother，eachinthehopethattheotherwouldbethefirsttogiveway。Everydayreducedtheirprovisions，andasscarcitybecamegreater，theexcessesofthesoldiersrenderedfurious，exercisedthewildestoutragesonthepeasantry。TheincreasingdistressbrokeupalldisciplineandorderintheSwedishcamp；

andtheGermanregiments，inparticular，distinguishedthemselvesfortheravagestheypractisedindiscriminatelyonfriendandfoe。

Theweakhandofasingleindividualcouldnotcheckexcesses，encouragedbythesilence，ifnottheactualexample，oftheinferiorofficers。Theseshamefulbreachesofdiscipline，onthemaintenanceofwhichhehadhithertojustlypridedhimself，severelypainedtheking；andthevehemencewithwhichhereproachedtheGermanofficersfortheirnegligence，bespokethelivelinessofhisemotion。"Itisyouyourselves，Germans，"saidhe，"thatrobyournativecountry，andruinyourownconfederatesinthefaith。

AsGodismyjudge，Iabhoryou，Iloatheyou；myheartsinkswithinmewheneverIlookuponyou。Yebreakmyorders；yearethecausethattheworldcursesme，thatthetearsofpovertyfollowme，thatcomplaintsringinmyear——`Theking，ourfriend，doesusmoreharmthanevenourworstenemies。’OnyouraccountIhavestrippedmyownkingdomofitstreasures，andspentuponyoumorethan40tonsofgold*；

whilefromyourGermanempireIhavenotreceivedtheleastaid。

IgaveyouashareofallthatGodhadgiventome；andhadyeregardedmyorders，Iwouldhavegladlysharedwithyouallmyfutureacquisitions。

Yourwantofdisciplineconvincesmeofyourevilintentions，whatevercauseImightotherwisehavetoapplaudyourbravery。"——

*AtonofgoldinSwedenamountsto100，000rixdollars——

Nuremberghadexerteditself，almostbeyonditspower，tosubsistforelevenweeksthevastcrowdwhichwascompressedwithinitsboundaries；

butitsmeanswereatlengthexhausted，andtheking’smorenumerouspartywasobligedtodetermineonaretreat。Bythecasualtiesofwarandsickness，Nuremberghadlostmorethan10，000ofitsinhabitants，andGustavusAdolphusnearly20，000ofhissoldiers。Thefieldsaroundthecityweretrampleddown，thevillageslayinashes，theplunderedpeasantrylayfaintanddyingonthehighways；foulodoursinfectedtheair，andbadfood，theexhalationsfromsodenseapopulation，andsomanyputrifyingcarcasses，togetherwiththeheatofthedog-days，producedadesolatingpestilencewhichragedamongmenandbeasts，andlongaftertheretreatofbotharmies，continuedtoloadthecountrywithmiseryanddistress。Affectedbythegeneraldistress，anddespairingofconqueringthesteadydeterminationoftheDukeofFriedland，thekingbrokeuphiscamponthe8thSeptember，leavinginNurembergasufficientgarrison。Headvancedinfullorderofbattlebeforetheenemy，whoremainedmotionless，anddidnotattemptintheleasttoharasshisretreat。HisroutelaybytheAischandWindsheimtowardsNeustadt，wherehehaltedfivedaystorefreshhistroops，andalsotobeneartoNuremberg，incasetheenemyshouldmakeanattemptuponthetown。ButWallenstein，asexhaustedashimself，hadonlyawaitedtheretreatoftheSwedestocommencehisown。

Fivedaysafterwards，hebrokeuphiscampatZirndorf，andsetitonfire。

Ahundredcolumnsofsmoke，risingfromalltheburningvillagesintheneighbourhood，announcedhisretreat，andshowedthecitythefateithadescaped。Hismarch，whichwasdirectedonForchheim，wasmarkedbythemostfrightfulravages；buthewastoofaradvancedtobeovertakenbytheking。Thelatternowdividedhisarmy，whichtheexhaustedcountrywasunabletosupport，andleavingonedivisiontoprotectFranconia，withtheotherheprosecutedinpersonhisconquestsinBavaria。

Inthemeantime，theimperialBavarianarmyhadmarchedintotheBishopricofBamberg，wheretheDukeofFriedlandasecondtimemusteredhistroops。Hefoundthisforce，whichsolatelyhadamountedto60，000men，diminishedbythesword，desertion，anddisease，toabout24，000，andoftheseafourthwereBavarians。

ThushadtheencampmentsbeforeNurembergweakenedbothpartiesmorethantwogreatbattleswouldhavedone，apparentlywithoutadvancingtheterminationofthewar，orsatisfying，byanydecisiveresult，theexpectationsofEurope。Theking’sconquestsinBavaria，were，itistrue，checkedforatimebythisdiversionbeforeNuremberg，andAustriaitselfsecuredagainstthedangerofimmediateinvasion；

butbytheretreatofthekingfromthatcity，hewasagainleftatfulllibertytomakeBavariatheseatofwar。Indifferenttowardsthefateofthatcountry，andwearyoftherestraintwhichhisunionwiththeElectorimposeduponhim，theDukeofFriedlandeagerlyseizedtheopportunityofseparatingfromthisburdensomeassociate，andprosecuting，withrenewedearnestness，hisfavouriteplans。StilladheringtohispurposeofdetachingSaxonyfromitsSwedishalliance，heselectedthatcountryforhiswinterquarters，hopingbyhisdestructivepresencetoforcetheElectorthemorereadilyintohisviews。

Noconjuncturecouldbemorefavourableforhisdesigns。TheSaxonshadinvadedSilesia，where，reinforcedbytroopsfromBrandenburghandSweden，theyhadgainedseveraladvantagesovertheEmperor’stroops。

SilesiawouldbesavedbyadiversionagainsttheElectorinhisownterritories，andtheattemptwasthemoreeasy，asSaxony，leftundefendedduringthewarinSilesia，layopenoneverysidetoattack。

ThepretextofrescuingfromtheenemyanhereditarydominionofAustria，wouldsilencetheremonstrancesoftheElectorofBavaria，and，underthemaskofapatrioticzealfortheEmperor’sinterests，Maximilianmightbesacrificedwithoutmuchdifficulty。BygivinguptherichcountryofBavariatotheSwedes，hehopedtobeleftunmolestedbytheminhisenterpriseagainstSaxony，whiletheincreasingcoldnessbetweenGustavusandtheSaxonCourt，gavehimlittlereasontoapprehendanyextraordinaryzealforthedeliveranceofJohnGeorge。

Thusasecondtimeabandonedbyhisartfulprotector，theElectorseparatedfromWallensteinatBamberg，toprotecthisdefencelessterritorywiththesmallremainsofhistroops，whiletheimperialarmy，underWallenstein，directeditsmarchthroughBayreuthandCoburgtowardstheThuringianForest。

Animperialgeneral，Holk，hadpreviouslybeensentintoVogtlandwith6，000men，towastethisdefencelessprovincewithfireandsword，hewassoonfollowedbyGallas，anotheroftheDuke’sgenerals，andanequallyfaithfulinstrumentofhisinhumanorders。Finally，Pappenheim，too，wasrecalledfromLowerSaxony，toreinforcethediminishedarmyoftheduke，andtocompletethemiseriesofthedevotedcountry。Ruinedchurches，villagesinashes，harvestswilfullydestroyed，familiesplundered，andmurderedpeasants，markedtheprogressofthesebarbarians，underwhosescourgethewholeofThuringia，Vogtland，andMeissen，laydefenceless。

Yetthiswasbutthepreludetogreatersufferings，withwhichWallensteinhimself，attheheadofthemainarmy，threatenedSaxony。

Afterhavingleftbehindhimfearfulmonumentsofhisfury，inhismarchthroughFranconiaandThuringia，hearrivedwithhiswholearmyintheCircleofLeipzig，andcompelledthecity，afterashortresistance，tosurrender。HisdesignwastopushontoDresden，andbytheconquestofthewholecountry，toprescribelawstotheElector。

HehadalreadyapproachedtheMulda，threateningtooverpowertheSaxonarmywhichhadadvancedasfarasTorgautomeethim，whentheKingofSweden’sarrivalatErfurtgaveanunexpectedchecktohisoperations。

PlacedbetweentheSaxonandSwedisharmies，whichwerelikelytobefartherreinforcedbythetroopsofGeorge，DukeofLuneburg，fromLowerSaxony，hehastilyretireduponMeresberg，toformajunctiontherewithCountPappenheim，andtorepelthefurtheradvanceoftheSwedes。

GustavusAdolphushadwitnessed，withgreatuneasiness，theartsemployedbySpainandAustriatodetachhisalliesfromhim。ThemoreimportanthisalliancewithSaxony，themoreanxietytheinconstanttemperofJohnGeorgecausedhim。BetweenhimselfandtheElector，asincerefriendshipcouldneversubsist。Aprince，proudofhispoliticalimportance，andaccustomedtoconsiderhimselfastheheadofhisparty，couldnotseewithoutannoyancetheinterferenceofaforeignpowerintheaffairsoftheEmpire；andnothing，buttheextremedangerofhisdominions，couldovercometheaversionwithwhichhehadlongwitnessedtheprogressofthisunwelcomeintruder。TheincreasinginfluenceofthekinginGermany，hisauthoritywiththeProtestantstates，theunambiguousproofswhichhegaveofhisambitiousviews，whichwereofacharactercalculatedtoexcitethejealousiesofallthestatesoftheEmpire，awakenedintheElector’sbreastathousandanxieties，whichtheimperialemissariesdidnotfailskilfullytokeepaliveandcherish。

EveryarbitrarysteponthepartoftheKing，everydemand，howeverreasonable，whichheaddressedtotheprincesoftheEmpire，wasfollowedbybittercomplaintsfromtheElector，whichseemedtoannounceanapproachingrupture。Eventhegeneralsofthetwopowers，whenevertheywerecalledupontoactincommon，manifestedthesamejealousyasdividedtheirleaders。JohnGeorge’snaturalaversiontowar，andalingeringattachmenttoAustria，favouredtheeffortsofArnheim；

who，maintainingaconstantcorrespondencewithWallenstein，labouredincessantlytoeffectaprivatetreatybetweenhismasterandtheEmperor；andifhisrepresentationswerelongdisregarded，stilltheeventprovedthattheywerenotaltogetherwithouteffect。

GustavusAdolphus，naturallyapprehensiveoftheconsequenceswhichthedefectionofsopowerfulanallywouldproduceonhisfutureprospectsinGermany，sparednopainstoavertsoperniciousanevent；andhisremonstranceshadhithertohadsomeeffectupontheElector。ButtheformidablepowerwithwhichtheEmperorsecondedhisseductiveproposals，andthemiserieswhich，inthecaseofhesitation，hethreatenedtoaccumulateuponSaxony，mightatlengthovercometheresolutionoftheElector，shouldhebeleftexposedtothevengeanceofhisenemies；whileanindifferencetothefateofsopowerfulaconfederate，wouldirreparablydestroytheconfidenceoftheotheralliesintheirprotector。ThisconsiderationinducedthekingasecondtimetoyieldtothepressingentreatiesoftheElector，andtosacrificehisownbrilliantprospectstothesafetyofthisally。

HehadalreadyresolveduponasecondattackonIngoldstadt；

andtheweaknessoftheElectorofBavariagavehimhopesofsoonforcingthisexhaustedenemytoaccedetoaneutrality。AninsurrectionofthepeasantryinUpperAustria，openedtohimapassageintothatcountry，andthecapitalmightbeinhispossession，beforeWallensteincouldhavetimetoadvancetoitsdefence。Alltheseviewshenowgaveupforthesakeofanally，who，neitherbyhisservicesnorhisfidelity，wasworthyofthesacrifice；who，onthepressingoccasionsofcommongood，hadsteadilyadheredtohisownselfishprojects；andwhowasimportant，notfortheserviceshewasexpectedtorender，butmerelyfortheinjurieshehaditinhispowertoinflict。Isitpossible，then，torefrainfromindignation，whenweknowthat，inthisexpedition，undertakenforthebenefitofsuchanally，thegreatkingwasdestinedtoterminatehiscareer？

RapidlyassemblinghistroopsinFranconia，hefollowedtherouteofWallensteinthroughThuringia。DukeBernardofWeimar，whohadbeendespatchedtoactagainstPappenheim，joinedthekingatArmstadt，whonowsawhimselfattheheadof20，000veterans。

AtErfurthetookleaveofhisqueen，whowasnottobeholdhim，saveinhiscoffin，atWeissenfels。Theiranxiousadieusseemedtoforbodeaneternalseparation。

HereachedNaumburgonthe1stNovember，1632，beforethecorps，whichtheDukeofFriedlandhaddespatchedforthatpurpose，couldmakeitselfmasterofthatplace。Theinhabitantsofthesurroundingcountryflockedincrowdstolookuponthehero，theavenger，thegreatking，who，ayearbefore，hadfirstappearedinthatquarter，likeaguardianangel。Shoutsofjoyeverywhereattendedhisprogress；thepeoplekneltbeforehim，andstruggledforthehonouroftouchingthesheathofhissword，orthehemofhisgarment。Themodestherodislikedthisinnocenttributewhichasincerelygratefulandadmiringmultitudepaidhim。

"Isitnot，"saidhe，"asifthispeoplewouldmakeaGodofme？

Ouraffairsprosper，indeed；butIfearthevengeanceofHeavenwillpunishmeforthispresumption，andsoonenoughrevealtothisdeludedmultitudemyhumanweaknessandmortality！"

HowamiabledoesGustavusappearbeforeusatthismoment，whenabouttoleaveusforever！Evenintheplenitudeofsuccess，hehonoursanavengingNemesis，declinesthathomagewhichisdueonlytotheImmortal，andstrengthenshistitletoourtears，thenearerthemomentapproachesthatistocallthemforth！

Inthemeantime，theDukeofFriedlandhaddeterminedtoadvancetomeettheking，asfarasWeissenfels，andevenatthehazardofabattle，tosecurehiswinter-quartersinSaxony。HisinactivitybeforeNuremberghadoccasionedasuspicionthathewasunwillingtomeasurehispowerswiththoseoftheHerooftheNorth，andhishard-earnedreputationwouldbeatstake，if，asecondtime，heshoulddeclineabattle。

Hispresentsuperiorityinnumbers，thoughmuchlessthanwhatitwasatthebeginningofthesiegeofNuremberg，wasstillenoughtogivehimhopesofvictory，ifhecouldcompelthekingtogivebattlebeforehisjunctionwiththeSaxons。Buthispresentreliancewasnotsomuchinhisnumericalsuperiority，asinthepredictionsofhisastrologerSeni，whohadreadinthestarsthatthegoodfortuneoftheSwedishmonarchwoulddeclineinthemonthofNovember。Besides，betweenNaumburgandWeissenfelstherewasalsoarangeofnarrowdefiles，formedbyalongmountainousridge，andtheriverSaal，whichranattheirfoot，alongwhichtheSwedescouldnotadvancewithoutdifficulty，andwhichmight，withtheassistanceofafewtroops，berenderedalmostimpassable。Ifattackedthere，thekingwouldhavenochoicebuteithertopenetratewithgreatdangerthroughthedefiles，orcommencealaboriousretreatthroughThuringia，andtoexposethegreaterpartofhisarmytoamarchthroughadesertcountry，deficientineverynecessaryfortheirsupport。

ButtherapiditywithwhichGustavusAdolphushadtakenpossessionofNaumburg，disappointedthisplan，anditwasnowWallensteinhimselfwhoawaitedtheattack。

Butinthisexpectationhewasdisappointed；fortheking，insteadofadvancingtomeethimatWeissenfels，madepreparationsforentrenchinghimselfnearNaumburg，withtheintentionofawaitingtherethereinforcementswhichtheDukeofLunenburgwasbringingup。

UndecidedwhethertoadvanceagainstthekingthroughthenarrowpassesbetweenWeissenfelsandNaumburg，ortoremaininactiveinhiscamp，hecalledacouncilofwar，inordertohavetheopinionofhismostexperiencedgenerals。Noneofthesethoughtitprudenttoattackthekinginhisadvantageousposition。Ontheotherhand，thepreparationswhichthelattermadetofortifyhiscamp，plainlyshowedthatitwasnothisintentionsoontoabandonit。Buttheapproachofwinterrendereditimpossibletoprolongthecampaign，andbyacontinuedencampmenttoexhaustthestrengthofthearmy，alreadysomuchinneedofrepose。

Allvoiceswereinfavourofimmediatelyterminatingthecampaign:

and，themoreso，astheimportantcityofCologneupontheRhinewasthreatenedbytheDutch，whiletheprogressoftheenemyinWestphaliaandtheLowerRhinecalledforeffectivereinforcementsinthatquarter。Wallensteinyieldedtotheweightofthesearguments，andalmostconvincedthat，atthisseason，hehadnoreasontoapprehendanattackfromtheKing，heputhistroopsintowinter-quarters，butsothat，ifnecessary，theymightberapidlyassembled。

CountPappenheimwasdespatched，withgreatpartofthearmy，totheassistanceofCologne，withorderstotakepossession，onhismarch，ofthefortressofMoritzburg，intheterritoryofHalle。Differentcorpstookuptheirwinter-quartersintheneighbouringtowns，towatch，onallsides，themotionsoftheenemy。CountColloredoguardedthecastleofWeissenfels，andWallensteinhimselfencampedwiththeremaindernotfarfromMerseburg，betweenFlotzgabenandtheSaal，fromwhencehepurposedtomarchtoLeipzig，andtocutoffthecommunicationbetweentheSaxonsandtheSwedisharmy。

ScarcelyhadGustavusAdolphusbeeninformedofPappenheim’sdeparture，whensuddenlybreakinguphiscampatNaumburg，hehastenedwithhiswholeforcetoattacktheenemy，nowweakenedtoonehalf。

Headvanced，byrapidmarches，towardsWeissenfels，fromwhencethenewsofhisarrivalquicklyreachedtheenemy，andgreatlyastonishedtheDukeofFriedland。Butaspeedyresolutionwasnownecessary；

andthemeasuresofWallensteinweresoontaken。Thoughhehadlittlemorethan12，000mentoopposetothe20，000oftheenemy，hemighthopetomaintainhisgrounduntilthereturnofPappenheim，whocouldnothaveadvancedfartherthanHalle，fivemilesdistant。Messengerswerehastilydespatchedtorecallhim，whileWallensteinmovedforwardintothewideplainbetweentheCanalandLutzen，whereheawaitedtheKinginfullorderofbattle，and，bythisposition，cutoffhiscommunicationwithLeipzigandtheSaxonauxiliaries。

Threecannonshots，firedbyCountColloredofromthecastleofWeissenfels，announcedtheking’sapproach；andatthisconcertedsignal，thelighttroopsoftheDukeofFriedland，underthecommandoftheCroatianGeneralIsolani，movedforwardtopossessthemselvesofthevillageslyingupontheRippach。Theirweakresistancedidnotimpedetheadvanceoftheenemy，whocrossedtheRippach，nearthevillageofthatname，andformedinlinebelowLutzen，oppositetheImperialists。

ThehighroadwhichgoesfromWeissenfelstoLeipzig，isintersectedbetweenLutzenandMarkranstadtbythecanalwhichextendsfromZeitztoMerseburg，andunitestheElsterwiththeSaal。Onthiscanal，restedtheleftwingoftheImperialists，andtherightoftheKingofSweden；

butsothatthecavalryofbothextendedthemselvesalongtheoppositeside。

Tothenorthward，behindLutzen，wasWallenstein’srightwing，andtothesouthofthattownwaspostedtheleftwingoftheSwedes；

botharmiesfrontedthehighroad，whichranbetweenthem，anddividedtheirorderofbattle；buttheeveningbeforethebattle，Wallenstein，tothegreatdisadvantageofhisopponent，hadpossessedhimselfofthishighway，deepenedthetrencheswhichranalongitssides，andplantedthemwithmusketeers，soastomakethecrossingofitbothdifficultanddangerous。Behindthese，again，waserectedabatteryofsevenlargepiecesofcannon，tosupportthefirefromthetrenches；

andatthewindmills，closebehindLutzen，fourteensmallerfieldpieceswererangedonaneminence，fromwhichtheycouldsweepthegreaterpartoftheplain。Theinfantry，dividedintonomorethanfiveunwieldybrigades，wasdrawnupatthedistanceof300pacesfromtheroad，andthecavalrycoveredtheflanks。AllthebaggagewassenttoLeipzig，thatitmightnotimpedethemovementsofthearmy；andtheammunition-waggonsaloneremained，whichwereplacedinrearoftheline。ToconcealtheweaknessoftheImperialists，allthecamp-followersandsutlersweremounted，andpostedontheleftwing，butonlyuntilPappenheim’stroopsarrived。

Thesearrangementsweremadeduringthedarknessofthenight；

andwhenthemorningdawned，allwasreadyforthereceptionoftheenemy。

Ontheeveningofthesameday，GustavusAdolphusappearedontheoppositeplain，andformedhistroopsintheorderofattack。

HisdispositionwasthesameasthatwhichhadbeensosuccessfultheyearbeforeatLeipzig。Smallsquadronsofhorsewereinterspersedamongthedivisionsoftheinfantry，andtroopsofmusketeersplacedhereandthereamongthecavalry。Thearmywasarrangedintwolines，thecanalontherightandinitsrear，thehighroadinfront，andthetownontheleft。Inthecentre，theinfantrywasformed，underthecommandofCountBrahe；thecavalryonthewings；

theartilleryinfront。TotheGermanhero，Bernard，DukeofWeimar，wasintrustedthecommandoftheGermancavalryoftheleftwing；

while，ontheright，thekingledontheSwedesinperson，inordertoexcitetheemulationofthetwonationstoanoblecompetition。

Thesecondlinewasformedinthesamemanner；andbehindthesewasplacedthereserve，commandedbyHenderson，aScotchman。

Inthisposition，theyawaitedtheeventfuldawnofmorning，tobeginacontest，whichlongdelay，ratherthantheprobabilityofdecisiveconsequences，andthepickedbody，ratherthanthenumberofthecombatants，wastorendersoterribleandremarkable。

ThestrainedexpectationofEurope，sodisappointedbeforeNuremberg，wasnowtobegratifiedontheplainsofLutzen。Duringthewholecourseofthewar，twosuchgenerals，soequallymatchedinrenownandability，hadnotbeforebeenpittedagainsteachother。Never，asyet，haddaringbeencooledbysoawfulahazard，orhopeanimatedbysogloriousaprize。

Europewasnextdaytolearnwhowashergreatestgeneral:——to-morrow，theleader，whohadhithertobeeninvincible，mustacknowledgeavictor。

Thismorningwastoplaceitbeyondadoubt，whetherthevictoriesofGustavusatLeipzigandontheLech，wereowingtohisownmilitarygenius，ortotheincompetencyofhisopponent；whethertheservicesofWallensteinweretovindicatetheEmperor’schoice，andjustifythehighpriceatwhichtheyhadbeenpurchased。Thevictorywasasyetdoubtful，butcertainwerethelabourandthebloodshedbywhichitmustbeearned。

Everyprivateinbotharmies，feltajealousshareintheirleader’sreputation，andundereverycorsletbeatthesameemotionsthatinflamedthebosomsofthegenerals。Eacharmyknewtheenemytowhichitwastobeopposed:andtheanxietywhicheachinvainattemptedtorepress，wasaconvincingproofoftheiropponent’sstrength。

Atlastthefatefulmorningdawned；butanimpenetrablefog，whichspreadovertheplain，delayedtheattacktillnoon。

Kneelinginfrontofhislines，thekingoffereduphisdevotions；

andthewholearmy，atthesamemomentdroppingontheirknees，burstintoamovinghymn，accompaniedbythemilitarymusic。Thekingthenmountedhishorse，andcladonlyinaleatherndoubletandsurtout，(forawoundhehadformerlyreceivedpreventedhiswearingarmour，)

rodealongtheranks，toanimatethecourageofhistroopswithajoyfulconfidence，which，however，theforbodingpresentimentofhisownbosomcontradicted。"Godwithus！"wasthewar-cryoftheSwedes；

"JesusMaria！"thatoftheImperialists。Abouteleventhefogbegantodisperse，andtheenemybecamevisible。AtthesamemomentLutzenwasseeninflames，havingbeensetonfirebycommandoftheduke，topreventhisbeingoutflankedonthatside。Thechargewasnowsounded；

thecavalryrushedupontheenemy，andtheinfantryadvancedagainstthetrenches。

Receivedbyatremendousfireofmusketryandheavyartillery，theseintrepidbattalionsmaintainedtheattackwithundauntedcourage，tilltheenemy’smusketeersabandonedtheirposts，thetrencheswerepassed，thebatterycarriedandturnedagainsttheenemy。Theypressedforwardwithirresistibleimpetuosity；thefirstofthefiveimperialbrigadeswasimmediatelyrouted，thesecondsoonafter，andthethirdputtoflight。

ButherethegeniusofWallensteinopposeditselftotheirprogress。