第3章

FEUDALPRINCIPLESANDMODERNTIMES。

Inthefirstplace，itisformed，inmanyrespects，uponFEUDAL

PRINCIPLES。Inthefeudaltimes，itwasnotuncommon，evenamongsubjects，forthelowestofficestobeheldbyconsiderablepersons;

personsasunfitbytheirincapacity，asimproperfromtheirrank，tooccupysuchemployments。Theywereheldbypatent，sometimesforlife，andsometimesbyinheritance。Ifmymemorydoesnotdeceiveme，apersonofnoslightconsiderationheldtheofficeofpatenthereditarycooktoanearlofWarwick。TheearlofWarwick’ssoups，Ifear，werenotthebetterforthedignityofhiskitchen。IthinkitwasanearlofGloucester，whoofficiatedasstewardofthehouseholdtothearchbishopsofCanterbury。InstancesofthesamekindmayinsomedegreebefoundintheNorthumberlandhouse-book，andotherfamilyrecords。

Therewassomereasoninancientnecessities，fortheseancientcustoms。

Protectionwaswanted;andthedomestictie，thoughtnotthehighest，wastheclosest。Theking’shouseholdhasnotonlyseveralstrongtracesofthisFEUDALITY，butitisformedalsoupontheprinciplesofaBODY

CORPORATE;ithasitsownmagistrates，courts，andby-laws。Thismightbenecessaryintheancienttimes，inordertohaveagovernmentwithinitself，capableofregulatingthevastandoftenunrulymultitudewhichcomposedandattendedit。ThiswastheoriginoftheancientcourtcalledtheGREENCLOTH——composedofthemarshal，treasurer，andothergreatofficersofthehousehold，withcertainclerks。Therichsubjectsofthekingdomwhohadformerlythesameestablishments(onlyonareducedscale)havesincealteredtheireconomy;andturnedthecourseoftheirexpensefromthemaintenanceofvastestablishmentswithintheirwalls，totheemploymentofagreatvarietyofindependenttradesabroad。Theirinfluenceislessened;butamodeofaccommodation，andastyleofsplendour，suitedtothemannersofthetimes，hasbeenincreased。Royaltyitselfhasinsensiblyfollowed;andtheroyalhouseholdhasbeencarriedawaybytheresistlesstideofmanners：butwiththisverymaterialdifference;——privatemenhavegotridoftheestablishmentsalongwiththereasonsofthem;whereastheroyalhouseholdhaslostallthatwasstatelyandvenerableintheantiquemanners，withoutretrenchinganythingofthecumbrouschargeofaGothicestablishment。Itisshrunkintothepolishedlittlenessofmoderneleganceandpersonalaccommodation;ithasevaporatedfromthegrossconcreteintoanessenceandrectifiedspiritofexpense，whereyouhavetunsofancientpompinavialofmodernluxury。

RESTRICTIVEVIRTUES。

Iknow，thatallparsimonyisofaqualityapproachingtounkindness;

andthat(onsomepersonorother)everyreformmustoperateasasortofpunishment。Indeed，thewholeclassofthesevereandrestrictivevirtuesareatamarketalmosttoohighforhumanity。Whatisworse，thereareveryfewofthosevirtueswhicharenotcapableofbeingimitated，andevenoutdone，inmanyoftheirmoststrikingeffects，bytheworstofvices。Malignityandenvywillcarvemuchmoredeeply，andfinishmuchmoresharply，intheworkofretrenchment，thanfrugalityandprovidence。Idonot，therefore，wonderthatgentlemenhavekeptawayfromsuchatask，aswellfromgood-natureasfromprudence。

Privatefeelingmight，indeed，beoverbornebylegislativereason;andamanofalongd-sightedandastrong-nervedhumanitymightbringhimself，notsomuchtoconsiderfromwhomhetakesasuperfluousenjoyment，asforwhomintheendhemaypreservetheabsolutenecessariesoflife。

LIBELLERSOFHUMANNATURE。

Ihopetherearenoneofyoucorruptedwiththedoctrinetaughtbywickedmenfortheworstpurposes，andreceivedbythemalignantcredulityofenvyandignorance，whichis，thatthemenwhoactuponthepublicstageareallalike;allequallycorrupt;allinfluencedbynootherviewsthanthesordidlureofsalaryandpension。ThethingIknowbyexperiencetobefalse。Neverexpectingtofindperfectioninmen，andnotlookingfordivineattributesincreatedbeings，inmycommercewithmycontemporaries，Ihavefoundmuchhumanvirtue。Ihaveseennotalittlepublicspirit;arealsubordinationofinteresttoduty;andadecentandregulatedsensibilitytohonestfameandreputation。Theageunquestionablyproduces(whetherinagreaterorlessnumberthanformertimes，Iknownot)daringprofligates，andinsidioushypocrites。Whatthen？AmInottoavailmyselfofwhatevergoodistobefoundintheworld，becauseofthemixtureofevilthatwillalwaysbeinit？Thesmallnessofthequantityincurrencyonlyheightensthevalue。Theywhoraisesuspicionsonthegoodonaccountofthebehaviourofillmen，areofthepartyofthelatter。Thecommoncantisnojustificationfortakingthisparty。Ihavebeendeceived，saythey，byTitiusandMaevius;Ihavebeenthedupeofthispretenderorofthatmountebank;

andIcantrustappearancesnolonger。Butmycredulityandwantofdiscernmentcannot，asIconceive，amounttoafairpresumptionagainstanyman’sintegrity。Aconscientiouspersonwouldratherdoubthisownjudgment，thancondemnhisspecies。Hewouldsay，Ihaveobservedwithoutattention，orjudgeduponerroneousmaxims;Itrustedtoprofession，whenIoughttohaveattendedtoconduct。Suchamanwillgrowwise，notmalignant，byhisacquaintancewiththeworld。Buthethataccusesallmankindofcorruption，oughttorememberthatheissuretoconvictonlyone。IntruthIshouldmuchratheradmitthose，whomatanytimeIhavedisrelishedthemost，tobepatternsofperfection，thanseekaconsolationtomyownunworthiness，inageneralcommunionofdepravitywithallaboutme。

REFUSALAREVENUE。

What(saysthefinancier)ispeacetouswithoutmoney？Yourplangivesusnorevenue。No！Butitdoes——foritsecurestothesubjectthepowerofREFUSAL;thefirstofallrevenues。Experienceisacheat，andfactaliar，ifthispowerinthesubjectofproportioninghisgrant，orofnotgrantingatall，hasnotbeenfoundtherichestmineofrevenueeverdiscoveredbytheskillorbythefortuneofman。Itdoesnotindeedvoteyou152，752pounds：11：23/4ths，noranyotherpaltrylimitedsum。Butitgivesthestrongboxitself，thefund，thebank，fromwhenceonlyrevenuescanariseamongstapeoplesensibleoffreedom：Positaluditurarca。CannotyouinEngland;cannotyouatthistimeofday;

cannotyou，aHouseofCommons，trusttotheprinciplewhichhasraisedsomightyarevenue，andaccumulatedadebtofnear140millionsinthiscountry？IsthisprincipletobetrueinEngland，andfalseeverywhereelse？IsitnottrueinIreland？Hasitnothithertobeentrueinthecolonies？Whyshouldyoupresume，that，inanycountry，abodydulyconstitutedforanyfunction，willneglecttoperformitsduty，andabdicateitstrust？Suchapresumptionwouldgoagainstallgovernmentsinallmodes。But，intruth，thisdreadofpenuryofsupply，fromafreeassembly，hasnofoundationinnature。Forfirstobserve，thatbesidesthedesirewhichallmenhavenaturallyofsupportingthehonouroftheirowngovernment，thatsenseofdignity，andthatsecuritytoproperty，whicheverattendfreedom，haveatendencytoincreasethestockofthefreecommunity。Mostmaybetakenwheremostisaccumulated。Andwhatisthesoilorclimatewhereexperiencehasnotuniformlyproved，thatthevoluntaryflowofheaped-upplenty，burstingfromtheweightofitsownrichluxuriance，haseverrunwithamorecopiousstreamofrevenue，thancouldbesqueezedfromthedryhusksofoppressedindigence，bythestrainingofallthepoliticmachineryintheworld。

APARTYMAN。

Theonlymethodwhichhaseverbeenfoundeffectualtopreserveanymanagainstthecorruptionofnatureandexample，isahabitoflifeandcommunicationofcounselswiththemostvirtuousandpublic-spiritedmenoftheageyoulivein。Suchasocietycannotbekeptwithoutadvantageordesertedwithoutshame。ForthisruleofconductImaybecalledinreproachaPARTYMAN;butIamlittleaffectedwithsuchaspersions。Inthewaywhichtheycallparty，Iworshiptheconstitutionofyourfathers;andIshallneverblushformypoliticalcompany。Allreverencetohonour，allideaofwhatitis，willbelostoutoftheworld，beforeitcanbeimputedasafaulttoanyman，thathehasbeencloselyconnectedwiththoseincomparablepersons，livinganddead，withwhomforelevenyearsIhaveconstantlythoughtandacted。IfIhavewanderedoutofthepathsofrectitudeintothoseofinterestedfaction，itwasincompanywiththeSaviles，theDowdeswells，theWentworths，theBentincks;withtheLenoxes，theManchesters，theKeppels，theSaunderses;withthetemperate，permanent，hereditaryvirtueofthewholehouseofCavendish;names，amongwhich，somehaveextendedyourfameandempireinarms，andallhavefoughtthebattleofyourlibertiesinfieldsnotlessglorious。These，andmanymorelikethese，graftingpublicprinciplesonprivatehonour，haveredeemedthepresentage，andwouldhaveadornedthemostsplendidperiodinyourhistory。

PATRIOTISMANDPUBLICINCOME。

IsitnotthesamevirtuewhichdoeseverythingforushereinEngland？

Doyouimagine，then，thatitistheland-taxwhichraisesyourrevenue？

thatitistheannualvoteinthecommitteeofsupply，whichgivesyouyourarmy？orthatitistheMutinyBill，whichinspiresitwithbraveryanddiscipline？No！surelyno！Itistheloveofthepeople;itistheirattachmenttotheirgovernment，fromthesenseofthedeepstaketheyhaveinsuchagloriousinstitution，whichgivesyouyourarmyandyournavy，andinfusesintoboththatliberalobedience，withoutwhichyourarmywouldbeabaserabble，andyournavynothingbutrottentimber。

Allthis，Iknowwellenough，willsoundwildandchimericaltotheprofaneherdofthosevulgarandmechanicalpoliticians，whohavenoplaceamongus;asortofpeoplewhothinkthatnothingexistsbutwhatisgrossandmaterial;andwhotherefore，farfrombeingqualifiedtobedirectorsofthegreatmovementofempire，arenotfittoturnawheelinthemachine。Buttomentrulyinitiatedandrightlytaught，theserulingandmasterprinciples，which，intheopinionofsuchmenasI

havementioned，havenosubstantialexistence，areintrutheverything，andallinall。Magnanimityinpoliticsisnotseldomthetruestwisdom;

andagreatempireandlittlemindsgoilltogether。Ifweareconsciousofoursituation，andglowwithzealtofillourplacesasbecomesourstationandourselves，weoughttoauspicateallourpublicproceedingsonAmerica，withtheoldwarningoftheChurch，Sursumcorda！WeoughttoelevateourmindstothegreatnessofthattrusttowhichtheorderofProvidencehascalledus。Byadvertingtothedignityofthishighcalling，ourancestorshaveturnedasavagewildernessintoagloriousempire;andhavemadethemostextensive，andtheonlyhonourableconquests，notbydestroying，butbypromotingthewealth，thenumber，thehappinessofthehumanrace。LetusgetanAmericanrevenueaswehavegotanAmericanempire。Englishprivilegeshavemadeitallthatitis;Englishprivilegesalonewillmakeitallitcanbe。

AMERICANPROTESTANTISM。

Ifanythingwerewantingtothisnecessaryoperationoftheformofgovernment，religionwouldhavegivenitacompleteeffect。Religion，alwaysaprincipleofenergy，inthisnewpeopleisnowaywornoutorimpaired;andtheirmodeofprofessingitisalsoonemaincauseofthisfreespirit。ThepeopleareProtestants;andofthatkindwhichisthemostadversetoallimplicitsubmissionofmindandopinion。Thisisapersuasionnotonlyfavourabletoliberty，butbuiltuponit。Idonotthink，Sir，thatthereasonofthisaversenessinthedissentingchurches，fromallthatlookslikeabsolutegovernment，issomuchtobesoughtintheirreligioustenets，asintheirhistory。EveryoneknowsthattheRomanCatholicreligionisatleastcoevalwithmostofthegovernmentswhereitprevails;thatithasgenerallygonehandinhandwiththem，andreceivedgreatfavourandeverykindofsupportfromauthority。TheChurchofEngland，too，wasformedfromhercradle，underthenursingcareofregulargovernment。Butthedissentinginterestshavesprungupindirectoppositiontoalltheordinarypowersoftheworld;andcouldjustifythatoppositiononlyonastrongclaimtonaturalliberty。Theirveryexistencedependedonthepowerfulandunremittedassertionofthatclaim。AllProtestantism，eventhemostcoldandpassive，isasortofdissent。Butthereligionmostprevalentinournortherncoloniesisarefinementontheprincipleofresistance;

itisthedissidenceofdissent，andtheProtestantismoftheProtestantreligion。

RIGHTOFTAXATION。

Iamresolvedthisdaytohavenothingatalltodowiththequestionoftherightoftaxation。Somegentlemenstartle，butitistrue;Iputittotallyoutofthequestion。Itislessthannothinginmyconsideration。Idonotindeedwonder，norwillyou，Sir，thatgentlemenofprofoundlearningarefondofdisplayingitonthisprofoundsubject。

Butmyconsiderationisnarrow，confined，andwhollylimitedtothepolicyofthequestion。Idonotexaminewhetherthegivingawayaman’smoneybeapowerexceptedandreservedoutofthegeneraltrustofgovernment;andhowfarallmankind，inallformsofpolity，areentitledtoanexerciseofthatrightbythecharterofnature。Orwhether，onthecontrary，arightoftaxationisnecessarilyinvolvedinthegeneralprincipleoflegislation，andinseparablefromtheordinarysupremepower。Thesearedeepquestions，wheregreatnamesmilitateagainsteachother;wherereasonisperplexed;andanappealtoauthoritiesonlythickenstheconfusion。Forhighandreverendauthoritiesliftuptheirheadsonbothsides;andthereisnosurefootinginthemiddle。ThispointistheGREATSERBONIANBOG，BETWIXT

DAMIATAANDMOUNTCASIUSOLD，WHEREARMIESWHOLEHAVESUNK。Idonotintendtobeoverwhelmedinthatbog，thoughinsuchrespectablecompany。Thequestionwithmeis，notwhetheryouhavearighttorenderyourpeoplemiserable;butwhetheritisnotyourinteresttomakethemhappy。ItisnotwhatalawyertellsmeIMAYdo;butwhathumanity，reason，andjusticetellmeIoughttodo。Isapoliticacttheworseforbeingagenerousone？Isnoconcessionproper，butthatwhichismadefromyourwantofrighttokeepwhatyougrant？Ordoesitlessenthegraceordignityofrelaxingintheexerciseofanodiousclaim，becauseyouhaveyourevidence-roomfulloftitles，andyourmagazinesstuffedwitharmstoenforcethem？Whatsignifyallthosetitles，andallthosearms？Ofwhatavailarethey，whenthereasonofthethingtellsme，thattheassertionofmytitleisthelossofmysuit;andthatIcoulddonothingbutwoundmyselfbytheuseofmyownweapons？

CONTRACTEDVIEWS。

Itisexceedinglycommonformentocontracttheirlovetotheircountryintoanattachmenttoitspettysubdivisions;andtheysometimesevenclingtotheirprovincialabuses，asiftheywerefranchisesandlocalprivileges。Accordingly，inplaceswherethereismuchofthiskindofestate，personswillbealwaysfoundwhowouldrathertrusttotheirtalentsinrecommendingthemselvestopowerfortherenewaloftheirinterests，thantoincumbertheirpurses，thoughneversolightly，inordertotransmitindependencetotheirposterity。Itisagreatmistake，thatthedesireofsecuringpropertyisuniversalamongmankind。Gamingisaprincipleinherentinhumannature。Itbelongstousall。Iwouldthereforebreakthosetables;Iwouldfurnishnoeviloccupationforthatspirit。Iwouldmakeeverymanlookeverywhere，excepttotheintrigueofacourt，fortheimprovementofhiscircumstances，orthesecurityofhisfortune。

ASSIMILATINGPOWEROFCONTACT。

Iamsurethattheonlymeansofcheckingprecipitatedegeneracyisheartilytoconcurwithwhateveristhebestinourtime;andtohavesomemorecorrectstandardofjudgingwhatthatbestis，thanthetransientanduncertainfavourofacourt。Ifonceweareabletofind，andcanprevailonourselvestostrengthen，aunionofsuchmen，whateveraccidentallybecomesindisposedtoill-exercisedpower，evenbytheordinaryoperationofhumanpassions，mustjoinwiththatsociety，andcannotlongbejoinedwithoutinsomedegreeassimilatingtoit。

Virtuewillcatchaswellasvicebycontact;andthepublicstockofhonest，manlyprinciplewilldailyaccumulate。Wearenottoonicelytoscrutinizemotivesaslongasactionisirreproachable。Itisenough(andforaworthymanperhapstoomuch)todealoutitsinfamytoconvictedguiltanddeclaredapostacy。

PRUDENCEOFTIMELYREFORM。

Butthereisatimewhenmenwillnotsufferbadthingsbecausetheirancestorshavesufferedworse。Thereisatimewhenthehoaryheadofinveterateabusewillneitherdrawreverencenorobtainprotection。Ifthenoblelordintheblueribandpleads“notguilty“tothechargesbroughtagainstthepresentsystemofpubliceconomy，itisnotpossibletogiveafairverdictbywhichhewillnotstandacquitted。Butpleadingisnotourpresentbusiness。Hispleaorhistraversemaybeallowedasananswertoacharge，whenachargeismade。Butifheputshimselfinthewaytoobstructreformation，thenthefaultsofhisofficeinstantlybecomehisown。Insteadofapublicofficerinanabusivedepartment，whoseprovinceisanobjecttoberegulated，hebecomesacriminalwhoistobepunished。Idomostseriouslyputittoadministration，toconsiderthewisdomofatimelyreform。Earlyreformationsareamicablearrangementswithafriendinpower;latereformationsaretermsimposeduponaconqueredenemy：earlyreformationsaremadeincoolblood;latereformationsaremadeunderastateofinflammation。Inthatstateofthingspeoplebeholdingovernmentnothingthatisrespectable。Theyseetheabuse，andtheywillseenothingelse：theyfallintothetemperofafuriouspopulaceprovokedatthedisorderofahouseofill-fame;theyneverattempttocorrectorregulate;theygotoworkbytheshortestway——theyabatethenuisance，theypulldownthehouse。

DIFFICULTIESOFREFORMERS。

Nothing，youknow，ismorecommonthanformentowish，andcallloudly，too，forareformation，who，whenitarrives，dobynomeansliketheseverityofitsaspect。Reformationisoneofthosepieceswhichmustbeputatsomedistanceinordertoplease。Itsgreatestfavourersloveitbetterintheabstractthaninthesubstance。Whenanyoldprejudiceoftheirown，oranyinterestthattheyvalue，istouched，theybecomescrupulous，theybecomecaptious，andeverymanhashisseparateexception。Somepluckouttheblackhairs，somethegray;onepointmustbegivenuptoone;anotherpointmustbeyieldedtoanother;nothingissufferedtoprevailuponitsownprinciple;thewholeissofrittereddown，anddisjointed，thatscarcelyatraceoftheoriginalschemeremains！Thus，betweentheresistanceofpower，andtheunsystematicalprocessofpopularity，theundertakerandtheundertakingarebothexposed，andthepoorreformerishissedoffthestagebothbyfriendsandfoes。

PHILOSOPHYOFCOMMERCE。

Ifhonestybetruepolicywithregardtothetransientinterestofindividuals，itismuchmorecertainlysowithregardtothepermanentinterestsofcommunities。Iknow，thatitisbuttoonaturalforustoseeourownCERTAINruininthePOSSIBLEprosperityofotherpeople。Itishardtopersuadeus，thateverythingwhichisGOTbyanotherisnotTAKENfromourselves。Butitisfitthatweshouldgetthebetterofthesesuggestions，whichcomefromwhatisnotthebestandsoundestpartofournature，andthatweshouldformtoourselvesawayofthinking，morerational，morejust，andmorereligious。Tradeisnotalimitedthing;asiftheobjectsofmutualdemandandconsumptioncouldnotstretchbeyondtheboundsofourjealousies。Godhasgiventheearthtothechildrenofmen，andhehasundoubtedly，ingivingittothem，giventhemwhatisabundantlysufficientforalltheirexigencies;notascanty，butamostliberal，provisionforthemall。Theauthorofournaturehaswrittenitstronglyinthatnature，andhaspromulgatedthesamelawinhiswrittenword，thatmanshalleathisbreadbyhislabour;andIampersuaded，thatnoman，andnocombinationofmen，fortheirownideasoftheirparticularprofit，can，withoutgreatimpiety，undertaketosay，thatheSHALLNOTdoso;thattheyhavenosortofright，eithertopreventthelabour，ortowithholdthebread。

THEORIZINGPOLITICIANS。

Therearepeoplewhohavesplitandanatomisedthedoctrineoffreegovernment，asifitwereanabstractquestionconcerningmetaphysicallibertyandnecessity;andnotamatterofmoralprudenceandnaturalfeeling。Theyhavedisputed，whetherlibertybeapositiveoranegativeidea;whetheritdoesnotconsistinbeinggovernedbylaws，withoutconsideringwhatarethelaws，orwhoarethemakers;whethermanhasanyrightsbynature;andwhetherallthepropertyheenjoysbenotthealmsofhisgovernment，andhislifeitselftheirfavourandindulgence。

Otherscorruptingreligion，asthesehavepervertedphilosophy，contend，thatChristiansareredeemedintocaptivity;andthebloodoftheSaviourofmankindhasbeenshedtomakethemtheslavesofafewproudandinsolentsinners。Theseshockingextremesprovokingtoextremesofanotherkind，speculationsareletlooseasdestructivetoallauthority，astheformeraretoallfreedom;andeverygovernmentiscalledtyrannyandusurpationwhichisnotformedontheirfancies。Inthismannerthestirrers-upofthiscontention，notsatisfiedwithdistractingourdependenciesandfillingthemwithbloodandslaughter，arecorruptingourunderstandings;theyareendeavouringtotearup，alongwithpracticalliberty，allthefoundationsofhumansociety，allequityandjustice，religionandorder。

ECONOMYANDPUBLICSPIRIT。

Economyandpublicspirithavemadeabeneficentandanhonestspoil;

theyhaveplunderedfromextravaganceandluxury，fortheuseofsubstantialservice，arevenueofnearfourhundredthousandpounds。Thereformofthefinances，joinedtothisreformofthecourt，givestothepublicninehundredthousandpoundsayearandupwards。

Theministerwhodoesthesethingsisagreatman——butthekingwhodesiresthattheyshouldbedoneisafargreater。Wemustdojusticetoourenemies——thesearetheactsofapatriotking。IamnotindreadofthevastarmiesofFrance;Iamnotindreadofthegallantspiritofitsbraveandnumerousnobility;Iamnotalarmedevenatthegreatnavywhichhasbeensomiraculouslycreated。AllthesethingsLouistheFourteenthhadbefore。Withallthesethings，theFrenchmonarchyhasmorethanoncefallenprostrateatthefeetofthepublicfaithofGreatBritain。ItwasthewantofpubliccreditwhichdisabledFrancefromrecoveringafterherdefeats，orrecoveringevenfromhervictoriesandtriumphs。Itwasaprodigalcourt，itwasanill-orderedrevenue，thatsappedthefoundationsofallhergreatness。Creditcannotexistunderthearmofnecessity。Necessitystrikesatcredit，Iallow，withaheavierandquickerblowunderanarbitrarymonarchy，thanunderalimitedandbalancedgovernment;butstillnecessityandcreditarenaturalenemies，andcannotbelongreconciledinanysituation。Fromnecessityandcorruption，afreestatemaylosethespiritofthatcomplexconstitutionwhichisthefoundationofconfidence。

REFORMOUGHTTOBEPROGRESSIVE。

Wheneverweimprove，itisrighttoleaveroomforafurtherimprovement。Itisrighttoconsider，tolookaboutus，toexaminetheeffectofwhatwehavedone。Thenwecanproceedwithconfidence，becausewecanproceedwithintelligence。Whereasinhotreformations，inwhatmen，morezealousthanconsiderate，callMAKINGCLEARWORK，thewholeisgenerallysocrude，soharsh，soindigested;mixedwithsomuchimprudence，andsomuchinjustice;socontrarytothewholecourseofhumannatureandhumaninstitutions，thattheverypeoplewhoaremosteagerforitareamongthefirsttogrowdisgustedatwhattheyhavedone。Thensomepartoftheabdicatedgrievanceisrecalledfromitsexileinordertobecomeacorrectiveofthecorrection。Thentheabuseassumesallthecreditandpopularityofareform。Theveryideaofpurityanddisinterestednessinpoliticsfallsintodisrepute，andisconsideredasavisionofhotandinexperiencedmen;andthusdisordersbecomeincurable，notbythevirulenceoftheirownquality，butbytheunaptandviolentnatureoftheremedies。Agreatpart，therefore，ofmyideaofreformismeanttooperategradually;somebenefitswillcomeatanearer，someatamoreremoteperiod。Wemustnomoremakehastetoberichbyparsimony，thanbyintemperateacquisition。

CIVILFREEDOM。

Civilfreedom，gentlemen，isnot，asmanyhaveendeavouredtopersuadeyou，athingthatlieshidinthedepthofabstrusescience。Itisablessingandabenefit，notanabstractspeculation;andallthejustreasoningthatcanbeuponitisofsocoarseatexture，asperfectlytosuittheordinarycapacitiesofthosewhoaretoenjoy，andofthosewhoaretodefendit。Farfromanyresemblancetothosepropositionsingeometryandmetaphysics，whichadmitnomedium，butmustbetrueorfalseinalltheirlatitude;socialandcivilfreedom，likeallotherthingsincommonlife，arevariouslymixedandmodified，enjoyedinverydifferentdegrees，andshapedintoaninfinitediversityofforms，accordingtothetemperandcircumstancesofeverycommunity。TheEXTREMEofliberty(whichisitsabstractperfection，butitsrealfault)obtainsnowhere，noroughttoobtainanywhere。Becauseextremes，asweallknow，ineverypointwhichrelateseithertoourdutiesorsatisfactionsinlife，aredestructivebothtovirtueandenjoyment。

TENDENCIESOFPOWER。

Whenanycommunityissubordinatelyconnectedwithanother，thegreatdangeroftheconnectionistheextremeprideandself-complacencyofthesuperior，whichinallmattersofcontroversywillprobablydecideinitsownfavour。Itisapowerfulcorrectivetosuchaveryrationalcauseoffeariftheinferiorbodycanbemadetobelievethatthepartyinclination，orpoliticalviews，ofseveralintheprincipalstatewillinducetheminsomedegreetocounteractthisblindandtyrannicalpartiality。Thereisnodangerthatanyoneacquiringconsiderationorpowerinthepresidingstateshouldcarrythisleaningtotheinferiortoofar。Thefaultofhumannatureisnotofthatsort。Power，inwhateverhands，israrelyguiltyoftoostrictlimitationsonitself。

Butonegreatadvantagetothesupportofauthorityattendssuchanamicableandprotectingconnection，thatthosewhohaveconferredfavoursobtaininfluence;andfromtheforesightoffutureeventscanpersuademenwhohavereceivedobligations，sometimestoreturnthem。

Thus，bythemediationofthosehealingprinciples(callthemgoodorevil)，troublesomediscussionsarebroughttosomesortofadjustment，andeveryhotcontroversyisnotacivilwar。

INDIVIDUALGOODANDPUBLICBENEFIT。

Theindividualgoodfeltinapublicbenefitiscomparativelysosmall，comesroundthroughsuchaninvolvedlabyrinthofintricateandtediousrevolutions;whilstapresent，personaldetrimentissoheavywhereitfalls，andsoinstantinitsoperation，thatthecoldcommendationofapublicadvantageneverwas，andneverwillbeamatchforthequicksensibilityofaprivateloss：andyoumaydependuponit，sir，thatwhenmanypeoplehaveaninterestinrailing，soonerorlater，theywillbringaconsiderabledegreeofunpopularityuponanymeasure，Sothat，forthepresentatleast，thereformationwilloperateagainstthereformers，andrevenge(asagainstthemattheleast)willproducealltheeffectsofcorruption。

PUBLICCORRUPTION。

Norisittheworsteffectofthisunnaturalcontention，thatourLAWS

arecorrupted。WhilstMANNERSremainentire，theywillcorrectthevicesoflaw，andsoftenitatlengthtotheirowntemper。Butwehavetolament，thatinmostofthelateproceedingsweseeveryfewtracesofthatgenerosity，humanity，anddignityofmindwhichformerlycharacterizedthisnation。Warsuspendstherulesofmoralobligation，andwhatislongsuspendedisindangerofbeingtotallyabrogated。

Civilwarsstrikedeepestofallintothemannersofthepeople。Theyvitiatetheirpolitics;theycorrupttheirmorals;theyperverteventhenaturaltasteandrelishofequityandjustice。Byteachingustoconsiderourfellow-citizensinahostilelight，thewholebodyofournationbecomesgraduallylessdeartous。Theverynamesofaffectionandkindred，whichwerethebondofcharitywhilstweagreed，becomenewincentivestohatredandragewhenthecommunionofourcountryisdissolved。Wemayflatterourselvesthatweshallnotfallintothismisfortune。Butwehavenocharterofexemption，thatIknowof，fromtheordinaryfrailtiesofournature。

CRUELTYANDCOWARDICE。

Aconscientiousmanwouldbecautioushowhedealtinblood。Hewouldfeelsomeapprehensionatbeingcalledtoatremendousaccountforengaginginsodeepaplay，withoutanysortofknowledgeofthegame。

Itisnoexcuseforpresumptuousignorance，thatitisdirectedbyinsolentpassion。Thepoorestbeingthatcrawlsonearth，contendingtosaveitselffrominjusticeandoppression，isanobjectrespectableintheeyesofGodandman。ButIcannotconceiveanyexistenceunderheaven(which，inthedepthsofitswisdom，toleratesallsortsofthings)thatismoretrulyodiousanddisgusting，thananimpotenthelplesscreature，withoutcivilwisdomormilitaryskill，withoutaconsciousnessofanyotherqualificationforpowerbuthisservilitytoit，bloatedwithprideandarrogance，callingforbattleswhichheisnottofight，contendingforaviolentdominionwhichhecanneverexercise，andsatisfiedtobehimselfmeanandmiserable，inordertorenderotherscontemptibleandwretched。

BADLAWSPRODUCEBASESUBSERVIENCY。

Badlawsaretheworstsortoftyranny。Insuchacountryasthistheyareofallbadthingstheworst，worsebyfarthananywhereelse;andtheyderiveaparticularmalignityevenfromthewisdomandsoundnessoftherestofourinstitutions。Forveryobviousreasonsyoucannottrustthecrownwithadispensingpoweroveranyofyourlaws。However，agovernment，beitasbadasitmay，will，intheexerciseofadiscretionarypower，discriminatetimesandpersons;andwillnotordinarilypursueanymanwhenitsownsafetyisnotconcerned。A

mercenaryinformerknowsnodistinction。Undersuchasystem，theobnoxiouspeopleareslaves，notonlytothegovernment，buttheyliveatthemercyofeveryindividual;theyareatoncetheslavesofthewholecommunity，andofeverypartofit;andtheworstandmostunmercifulmenarethoseonwhosegoodnesstheymostdepend。

Inthissituationmennotonlyshrinkfromthefrownsofasternmagistrate，buttheyareobligedtoflyfromtheirveryspecies。Theseedsofdestructionaresownincivilintercourse，insocialhabitudes。

Thebloodofwholesomekindredisinfected。Theirtablesandbedsaresurroundedwithsnares。AllthemeansgivenbyProvidencetomakelifesafeandcomfortablearepervertedintoinstrumentsofterrorandtorment。Thisspeciesofuniversalsubserviency，thatmakestheveryservantwhowaitsbehindyourchairthearbiterofyourlifeandfortune，hassuchatendencytodegradeandabasemankind，andtodeprivethemofthatassuredandliberalstateofmindwhichalonecanmakeuswhatweoughttobe，thatIvowtoGodIwouldsoonerbringmyselftoputamantoimmediatedeathforopinionsIdisliked，andsotogetridofthemanandhisopinionsatonce，thantofrethimwithafeverishbeing，taintedwiththejail-distemperofacontagiousservitude，tokeephimabovegroundananimatedmassofputrefaction，corruptedhimself，andcorruptingallabouthim。

FALSEREGRET。

Ifwerepentofourgoodactions，what，Iprayyou，isleftforourfaultsandfollies？Itisnotthebeneficenceofthelaws，itistheunnaturaltemperwhichbeneficencecanfretandsourthatistobelamented。Itisthistemperwhich，byallrationalmeans，oughttobesweetenedandcorrected。Iffrowardmenshouldrefusethiscure，cantheyvitiateanythingbutthemselves？Doesevilsoreactupongood，asnotonlytoretarditsmotion，buttochangeitsnature？Ifitcansooperate，thengoodmenwillalwaysbeinthepowerofthebad;andvirtue，byadreadfulreverseoforder，mustlieunderperpetualsubjectionandbondagetovice。

BRITISHDOMINIONINEASTINDIA。

Withveryfew，andthoseinconsiderable，intervals，theBritishdominion，eitherintheCompany’sname，orinthenamesofprincesabsolutelydependentupontheCompany，extendsfromthemountainsthatseparateIndiafromTartarytoCapeComorin，——thatis，one-and-twentydegreesoflatitude！

Inthenorthernpartsitisasolidmassofland，abouteighthundredmilesinlength，andfourorfivehundredbroad。Asyougosouthward，itbecomesnarrowerforaspace。Itafterwardsdilates;but，narrowerorbroader，youpossessthewholeeasternandnorth-easterncoastofthatvastcountry，quitefromthebordersofPegu。Bengal，Bahar，andOrissa，withBenares(nowunfortunatelyinourimmediatepossession)，measure161，978squareEnglishmiles;aterritoryconsiderablylargerthanthewholekingdomofFrance。Oude，withitsdependentprovinces，is53，286

squaremiles，notagreatdeallessthanEngland。TheCarnatic，withTanjoreandtheCircars，is65，948squaremiles，veryconsiderablylargerthanEngland;andthewholeoftheCompany’sdominions，comprehendingBombayandSalsette，amountsto281，412squaremiles;

whichformsaterritorylargerthananyEuropeandominion，RussiaandTurkeyexcepted。ThroughallthatvastextentofcountrythereisnotamanwhoeatsamouthfulofricebutbypermissionoftheEast-IndiaCompany。

Sofarwithregardtotheextent。Thepopulationofthisgreatempireisnoteasilytobecalculated。Whenthecountries，ofwhichitiscomposed，cameintoourpossession，theywerealleminentlypeopled，andeminentlyproductive;thoughatthattimeconsiderablydeclinedfromtheirancientprosperity。But，sincetheyarecomeintoourhands！——！

However，ifwemaketheperiodofourestimateimmediatelybeforetheutterdesolationoftheCarnatic，andifweallowforthehavocwhichourgovernmenthadeventhenmadeintheseregions，wecannot，inmyopinion，ratethepopulationatmuchlessthanthirtymillionsofsouls，——morethanfourtimesthenumberofpersonsintheIslandofGreatBritain。

Mynextinquirytothatofthenumber，isthequalityanddescriptionoftheinhabitants。Thismultitudeofmendoesnotconsistofanabjectandbarbarouspopulace;muchlessofgangsofsavages，liketheGuaraniesandChiquitos，whowanderonthewastebordersoftheriverofAmazons，orthePlate;butapeopleforagescivilizedandcultivated;cultivatedbyalltheartsofpolishedlife，whilstwewereyetinthewoods。Therehavebeen(andstilltheskeletonsremain)princesonceofgreatdignity，authority，andopulence。Therearetobefoundthechiefsoftribesandnations。Thereistobefoundanancientandvenerablepriesthood，thedepositoryoftheirlaws，learning，andhistory，theguidesofthepeoplewhilstliving，andtheirconsolationindeath;anobilityofgreatantiquityandrenown;amultitudeofcities，notexceededinpopulationandtradebythoseofthefirstclassinEurope;

merchantsandbankers，individualhousesofwhomhaveonceviedincapitalwiththeBankofEngland;whosecredithadoftensupportedatotteringstate，andpreservedtheirgovernmentsinthemidstofwaranddesolation;millionsofingeniousmanufacturersandmechanics;millionsofthemostdiligent，andnottheleastintelligent，tillersoftheearth。Therearetobefoundalmostallthereligionsprofessedbymen，——theBrahminical，theMussulman，theEasternandtheWesternChristian。

IfIweretotakethewholeaggregateofourpossessionsthere，Ishouldcompareit，asthenearestparallelIcanfind，withtheempireofGermany。OurimmediatepossessionsIshouldcomparewiththeAustriandominions，——andtheywouldnotsufferinthecomparison。ThenabobofOudemightstandforthekingofPrussia;thenabobofArcotIwouldcompare，assuperiorinterritoryandequalinrevenue，totheelectorofSaxony。CheytSing，therajahofBenares，mightwellrankwiththeprinceofHesse，atleast;andtherajahofTanjore(thoughhardlyequalinextentofdominion，superiorinrevenue)，totheelectorofBavaria。

ThePolygarsandthenorthernZemindars，andothergreatchiefs，mightwellclasswiththerestoftheprinces，dukes，counts，marquises，andbishops，intheempire;allofwhomImentiontohonour，andsurelywithoutdisparagementtoanyorallofthosemostrespectableprincesandgrandees。Allthisvastmass，composedofsomanyordersandclassesofmen，isagaininfinitelyadvocatedbymanners，byreligion，byhereditaryemployment，throughalltheirpossiblecombinations。ThisrendersthehandlingofIndiaamatterinahighdegreecriticalanddelicate。Butoh！ithasbeenhandledrudelyindeed。Evensomeofthereformersseemtohaveforgotthattheyhadanythingtodobuttoregulatethetenantsofamanor，ortheshopkeepersofthenextcountytown。

Itisanempireofthisextent，ofthiscomplicatednature，ofthisdignityandimportance，thatIhavecomparedtoGermany，andtheGermangovernment;notforanexactresemblance，butasasortofamiddleterm，bywhichIndiamightbeapproximatedtoourunderstandings，andifpossibletoourfeelings;inordertoawakensomethingofsympathyfortheunfortunatenatives，ofwhichIamafraidwearenotperfectlysusceptible，whilstwelookatthisveryremoteobjectthroughafalseandcloudymedium。

POLITICALCHARITY。

Honestmenwillnotforgeteithertheirmeritortheirsufferings。Therearemen(andmany，Itrust，thereare)who，outoflovetotheircountryandtheirkind，wouldtorturetheirinventiontofindexcusesforthemistakesoftheirbrethren;andwho，tostifledissension，wouldconstrueevendoubtfulappearanceswiththeutmostfavour：suchmenwillneverpersuadethemselvestobeingeniousandrefinedindiscoveringdisaffectionandtreasoninthemanifest，palpablesignsofsufferingloyalty。Persecutionissounnaturaltothem，thattheygladlysnatchtheveryfirstopportunityoflayingasideallthetricksanddevicesofpenalpolitics;andofreturninghome，afteralltheirirksomeandvexatiouswanderings，toournaturalfamilymansion，tothegrandsocialprinciple，thatunitesallmen，inalldescriptions，undertheshadowofanequalandimpartialjustice。

EVILSOFDISTRACTION。

Theveryattempttowardspleasingeverybodydiscoversatemperalwaysflashy，andoftenfalseandinsincere。ThereforeasIhaveproceededstraightonwardinmyconduct，soIwillproceedinmyaccountofthosepartsofitwhichhavebeenmostexceptedto。ButImustfirstbegleavejusttohinttoyou，thatwemaysufferverygreatdetrimentbybeingopentoeverytalker。Itisnottobeimaginedhowmuchofserviceislostfromspiritsfullofactivityandfullofenergy，whoarepressing，whoarerushingforward，togreatandcapitalobjects，whenyouobligethemtobecontinuallylookingback。Whilsttheyaredefendingoneservice，theydefraudyouofanhundred。Applauduswhenwerun;consoleuswhenwefall;cheeruswhenwerecover;butletuspasson——forGod’ssakeletuspasson。

CHARLESFOX。

Andnow，havingdonemydutytothebill，letmesayawordtotheauthor。Ishouldleavehimtohisownnoblesentiments，iftheunworthyandilliberallanguagewithwhichhehasbeentreated，beyondallexampleofparliamentaryliberty，didnotmakeafewwordsnecessary;

notsomuchinjusticetohim，astomyownfeelings。Imustsay，then，thatitwillbeadistinctionhonourabletotheage，thattherescueofthegreatestnumberofthehumanracethateverweresogrievouslyoppressed，fromthegreatesttyrannythatwaseverexercised，hasfallentothelotofabilitiesanddispositionsequaltothetask;thatithasfallentoonewhohastheenlargementtocomprehend，thespirittoundertake，andtheeloquencetosupport，sogreatameasureofhazardousbenevolence。Hisspiritisnotowingtohisignoranceofthestateofmenandthings;hewellknowswhatsnaresarespreadabouthispath，frompersonalanimosity，fromcourtintrigues，andpossiblyfrompopulardelusion。Buthehasputtohazardhisease，hissecurity，hisinterest，hispower，evenhisdarlingpopularity，forthebenefitofapeoplewhomhehasneverseen。Thisistheroadthatallheroeshavetrodbeforehim。Heistraducedandabusedforhissupposedmotives。Hewillremember，thatobloquyisanecessaryingredientinthecompositionofalltrueglory：hewillremember，thatitwasnotonlyintheRomancustoms，butitisinthenatureandconstitutionofthings，thatcalumnyandabuseareessentialpartsoftriumph。Thesethoughtswillsupportamind，whichonlyexistsforhonour，undertheburthenoftemporaryreproach。Heisdoingindeedagreatgood;suchasrarelyfallstothelot，andalmostasrarelycoincideswiththedesires，ofanyman。Lethimusehistime。Lethimgivethewholelengthofthereinstohisbenevolence。Heisnowonagreateminence，wheretheeyesofmankindareturnedtohim。Hemaylivelong，hemaydomuch。Buthereisthesummit。Henevercanexceedwhathedoesthisday。

Hehasfaults;buttheyarefaultsthat，thoughtheymayinasmalldegreetarnishthelustre，andsometimesimpedethemarch，ofhisabilities，havenothinginthemtoextinguishthefireofgreatvirtues。

Inthosefaultsthereisnomixtureofdeceit，ofhypocrisy，ofpride，offerocity，ofcomplexionaldespotism，orwantoffeelingforthedistressesofmankind。HisarefaultswhichmightexistinadescendantofHenrytheFourthofFrance，astheydidexistinthatfatherofhiscountry。HenrytheFourthwishedthathemightlivetoseeafowlinthepotofeverypeasantinhiskingdom。Thatsentimentofhomelybenevolencewasworthallthesplendidsayingsthatarerecordedofkings。Buthewishedperhapsformorethancouldbeobtained，andthegoodnessofthemanexceededthepoweroftheking。Butthisgentleman，asubject，maythisdaysaythisatleast，withtruth，thathesecuresthericeinhispottoeverymaninIndia。Apoetofantiquitythoughtitoneofthefirstdistinctionstoaprincewhomhemeanttocelebrate，thatthroughalongsuccessionofgenerations，hehadbeentheprogenitorofanableandvirtuouscitizen，whobyforceoftheartsofpeace，hadcorrectedgovernmentsofoppression，andsuppressedwarsofrapine。

Indoleprohquantajuvenis，quantumquedaturusAusoniaepopulisventurainsaeculacivem。

IllesuperGangem，superexauditusetIndos，Implebitterrasvoce;etfurialiabellaFulminecompescetlinguae——

Thiswaswhatwassaidofthepredecessoroftheonlypersontowhoseeloquenceitdoesnotwrongthatofthemoverofthisbilltobecompared。ButtheGangesandtheIndusarethepatrimonyofthefameofmyhonourablefriend，andnotofCicero。Iconfess，Ianticipatewithjoytherewardofthose，whosewholeconsequence，power，andauthority，existonlyforthebenefitofmankind;andIcarrymymindtoallthepeople，andallthenamesanddescriptions，that，relievedbythisbill，willblessthelaboursofthisparliament，andtheconfidencewhichthebestHouseofCommonshasgiventohimwhothebestdeservesit。Thelittlecavilsofpartywillnotbeheard，wherefreedomandhappinesswillbefelt。Thereisnotatongue，anation，orreligioninIndiawhichwillnotblessthepresidingcareandmanlybeneficenceofthishouse，andofhimwhoproposestoyouthisgreatwork。YournameswillneverbeseparatedbeforethethroneoftheDivinegoodness，inwhateverlanguage，orwithwhateverrites，pardonisaskedforsin，andrewardforthosewhoimitatetheGodheadinhisuniversalbountytohiscreatures。Thesehonoursyoudeserve，andtheywillsurelybepaid，whenallthejargonofinfluence，andparty，andpatronage，aresweptintooblivion。

THEIMPRACTICABLEUNDESIRABLE。

Iknowitiscommonformentosay，thatsuchandsuchthingsareperfectlyright——verydesirable;butthat，unfortunately，theyarenotpracticable。Oh！no，sir，no。Thosethings，whicharenotpracticable，arenotdesirable。Thereisnothingintheworldreallybeneficialthatdoesnotliewithinthereachofaninformedunderstanding，andawell-directedpursuit。ThereisnothingthatGodhasjudgedgoodforusthathehasnotgivenusthemeanstoaccomplish，bothinthenaturalandthemoralworld。Ifwecry，likechildren，forthemoon，likechildrenwemustcryon。

CONSTITUTIONOFTHECOMMONS。

ThelateHouseofCommonshasbeenpunishedforitsindependence。Thatexampleismade。HaveweanexampleonrecordofaHouseofCommonspunishedforitsservility？Therewardsofasenatesodisposedaremanifesttotheworld。SeveralgentlemenareverydesirousofalteringtheconstitutionoftheHouseofCommons;buttheymustaltertheframeandconstitutionofhumannatureitselfbeforetheycansofashionitbyanymodeofelectionthatitsconductwillnotbeinfluencedbyrewardandpunishment，byfame，andbydisgrace。Iftheseexamplestakerootinthemindsofmen，whatmembershereafterwillbeboldenoughnottobecorrupt？Especiallyastheking’shighwayofobsequiousnessissoverybroadandeasy。Tomakeapassivememberofparliament，nodignityofmind，noprinciplesofhonour，noresolution，noability，noindustry，nolearning，noexperience，areintheleastdegreenecessary。Todefendapostofimportanceagainstapowerfulenemy，requiresanElliot;adrunkeninvalidisqualifiedtohoistawhiteflag，ortodeliverupthekeysofthefortressonhisknees。

EMOLUMENTSOFOFFICE。

Nomanknows，whenhecutsofftheincitementstoavirtuousambition，andthejustrewardsofpublicservice，whatinfinitemischiefhemaydohiscountry，throughallgenerations。Suchsavingtothepublicmayprovetheworstmodeofrobbingit。Thecrown，whichhasinitshandsthetrustofthedailypayfornationalservice，oughttohaveinitshandsalsothemeansforthereposeofpubliclabour，andthefixedsettlementofacknowledgedmerit。Thereisatimewhentheweather-beatenvesselsofthestateoughttocomeintoharbour。Theymustatlengthhavearetreatfromthemaliceofrivals，fromtheperfidyofpoliticalfriends，andtheinconstancyofthepeople。Manyofthepersons，whoinalltimeshavefilledthegreatofficesofstate，havebeenyoungerbrothers，whohadoriginallylittle，ifany，fortune。

Theseofficesdonotfurnishthemeansofamassingwealth。Thereoughttobesomepowerinthecrownofgrantingpensionsoutofthereachofitsowncaprices。Anentailofdependenceisabadrewardofmerit。

MORALDISTINCTIONS。

Thosewhoareleastanxiousaboutyourconductarenotthosethatloveyoumost。Moderateaffectionandsatiatedenjoymentarecoldandrespectful;butanardentandinjuredpassionistemperedupwithwrath，andgrief，andshame，andconsciousworth，andthemaddeningsenseofviolatedright。Ajealouslovelightshistorchfromthefirebrandsofthefuries。TheywhocalluponyoutobelongWHOLLYtothepeople，arethosewhowishyoutoreturntoyourPROPERhome;tothesphereofyourduty，tothepostofyourhonour，tothemansion-houseofallgenuine，serene，andsolidsatisfaction。

ELECTORSANDREPRESENTATIVES。

Look，gentlemen，totheWHOLETENOURofyourmember’sconduct。Trywhetherhisambitionorhisavaricehavejostledhimoutofthestraightlineofduty;orwhetherthatgrandfoeoftheofficesofactivelife，thatmasterviceinmenofbusiness，adegenerateandinglorioussloth——hasmadehimflagandlanguishinhiscourse。Thisistheobjectofourinquiry。Ifourmember’sconductcanbearthistouch，markitforsterling。Hemayhavefallenintoerrors;hemusthavefaults;butourerrorisgreater，andourfaultisradicallyruinoustoourselves，ifwedonotbear，ifwedonotevenapplaud，thewholecompoundandmixedmassofsuchacharacter。Nottoactthusisfolly;Ihadalmostsaiditisimpiety。HecensuresGod，whoquarrelswiththeimperfectionsofman。

Gentlemen，wemustnotbepeevishwiththosewhoservethepeople。Fornonewillserveuswhilstthereisacourttoservebutthosewhoareofaniceandjealoushonour。Theywhothinkeverything，incomparisonofthathonour，tobedustandashes，willnotbeartohaveitsoiledandimpairedbythoseforwhosesaketheymakeathousandsacrificestopreserveitimmaculateandwhole。Weshalleitherdrivesuchmenfromthepublicstage，orweshallsendthemtothecourtforprotection;

where，iftheymustsacrificetheirreputation，theywillatleastsecuretheirinterest。Dependuponit，thattheloversoffreedomwillbefree。Nonewillviolatetheirconsciencetopleaseus，inorderafterwardstodischargethatconscience，whichtheyhaveviolated，bydoingusfaithfulandaffectionateservice。Ifwedegradeanddepravetheirmindsbyservility，itwillbeabsurdtoexpect，thattheywhoarecreepingandabjecttowardsus，willeverbeboldandincorruptibleassertorsofourfreedom，againstthemostseducingandthemostformidableofallpowers。No！humannatureisnotsoformed;norshallweimprovethefacultiesorbetterthemoralsofpublicmen，byourpossessionofthemostinfalliblereceiptintheworldformakingcheatsandhypocrites。

Letmesaywithplainness，Iwhoamnolongerinapubliccharacter，thatifbyafair，byanindulgent，byagentlemanlybehaviourtoourrepresentatives，wedonotgiveconfidencetotheirminds，andaliberalscopetotheirunderstandings;ifwedonotpermitourmemberstoactuponaVERYenlargedviewofthings;weshallatlengthinfalliblydegradeournationalrepresentationintoaconfusedandscufflingbustleoflocalagency。Whenthepopularmemberisnarrowedinhisideas，andrenderedtimidinhisproceedings，theserviceofthecrownwillbethesolenurseryofstatesmen。Amongthefrolicsofthecourt，itmayatlengthtakethatofattendingtoitsbusiness。Thenthemonopolyofmentalpowerwillbeaddedtothepowerofallotherkindsitpossesses。

Onthesideofthepeopletherewillbenothingbutimpotence：forignoranceisimpotence;narrownessofmindisimpotence;timidityisitselfimpotence，andmakesallotherqualitiesthatgoalongwithit，impotentanduseless。

POPULAROPINIONAFALLACIOUSSTANDARD。

Whenweknow，thattheopinionsofeventhegreatestmultitudesarethestandardofrectitude，Ishallthinkmyselfobligedtomakethoseopinionsthemastersofmyconscience。ButifitmaybedoubtedwhetherOmnipotenceitselfiscompetenttoaltertheessentialconstitutionofrightandwrong，sureIamthatsuchTHINGS，astheyandI，arepossessedofnosuchpower。NomancarriesfurtherthanIdothepolicyofmakinggovernmentpleasingtothepeople。Butthewidestrangeofthispoliticcomplaisanceisconfinedwithinthelimitsofjustice。I

wouldnotonlyconsulttheinterestofthepeople，butIwouldcheerfullygratifytheirhumours。Weareallasortofchildrenthatmustbesoothedandmanaged。IthinkIamnotaustereorformalinmynature。Iwouldbear，Iwouldevenmyselfplaymypartinanyinnocentbuffooneriestodivertthem。ButIneverwillactthetyrantfortheiramusement。Iftheywillmixmaliceintheirsports，Ishallneverconsenttothrowthemanyliving，sentientcreaturewhatsoever——no，notsomuchasakitling，totorment。

ENGLISHREFORMATION。

Theconditionofournatureissuch，thatwebuyourblessingsataprice。TheReformation，oneofthegreatestperiodsofhumanimprovement，wasatimeoftroubleandconfusion。Thevaststructureofsuperstitionandtyranny，whichhadbeenforagesinrearing，andwhichwascombinedwiththeinterestofthegreatandofthemany，whichwasmouldedintothelaws，themanners，andcivilinstitutionsofnations，andblendedwiththeframeandpolicyofstates，couldnotbebroughttothegroundwithoutafearfulstruggle;norcoulditfallwithoutaviolentconcussionofitselfandallaboutit。Whenthisgreatrevolutionwasattemptedinamoreregularmodebygovernment，itwasopposedbyplotsandseditionsofthepeople;whenbypopularefforts，itwasrepressedasarebellionbythehandofpower;andbloodyexecutions(oftenbloodilyreturned)markedthewholeofitsprogressthroughallitsstages。Theaffairsofreligion，whicharenolongerheardofinthetumultofourpresentcontentions，madeaprincipalingredientinthewarsandpoliticsofthattime;theenthusiasmofreligionthrewagloomoverthepolitics;andpoliticalinterestspoisonedandpervertedthespiritofreligionuponallsides。TheProtestantreligioninthatviolentstruggle，infected，asthePopishhadbeenbefore，byworldlyinterestsandworldlypassions，becameapersecutorinitsturn，sometimesofthenewsects，whichcarriedtheirownprinciplesfurtherthanitwasconvenienttotheoriginalreformers;

andalwaysofthebodyfromwhomtheyparted：andthispersecutingspiritarose，notonlyfromthebitternessofretaliation，butfromthemercilesspolicyoffear。

Itwaslongbeforethespiritoftruepietyandtruewisdom，involvedintheprinciplesoftheReformation，couldbedepuratedfromthedregsandfeculenceofthecontentionwithwhichitwascarriedthrough。However，untilthisbedone，theReformationisnotcomplete;andthosewhothinkthemselvesgoodProtestants，fromtheiranimositytoothers，areinthatrespectnoProtestantsatall。

PROSCRIPTION。

ThiswayofPROSCRIBINGTHECITIZENSBYDENOMINATIONSANDGENERAL

DESCRIPTIONS，dignifiedbythenameofreasonofstate，andsecurityforconstitutionsandcommonwealths，isnothingbetteratbottom，thanthemiserableinventionofanungenerousambition，whichwouldfainholdthesacredtrustofpower，withoutanyofthevirtuesoranyoftheenergiesthatgiveatitletoit：areceiptofpolicy，madeupofadetestablecompoundofmalice，cowardice，andsloth。Theywouldgovernmenagainsttheirwill;butinthatgovernmenttheywouldbedischargedfromtheexerciseofvigilance，providence，andfortitude;andtherefore，thattheymaysleepontheirwatch，theyconsenttotakesomeonedivisionofthesocietyintopartnershipofthetyrannyovertherest。Butletgovernment，inwhatformitmaybe，comprehendthewholeinitsjustice，andrestrainthesuspiciousbyitsvigilance;letitkeepwatchandward;letitdiscoverbyitssagacity，andpunishbyitsfirmness，alldelinquencyagainstitspower，wheneverdelinquencyexistsintheovertacts;andthenitwillbeassafeaseverGodandnatureintendeditshouldbe。Crimesaretheactsofindividuals，andnotofdenominations;

andthereforearbitrarilytoclassmenundergeneraldescriptions，inordertoproscribeandpunishtheminthelumpforapresumeddelinquency，ofwhichperhapsbutapart，perhapsnoneatall，areguilty，isindeedacompendiousmethod，andsavesaworldoftroubleaboutproof;butsuchamethod，insteadofbeinglaw，isanactofunnaturalrebellionagainstthelegaldominionofreasonandjustice;

andthisvice，inanyconstitutionthatentertainsit，atonetimeorotherwillcertainlybringonitsruin。

JUSTFREEDOM。

Imustfairlytellyou，thatsofarasmyprinciplesareconcerned，(principlesthatIhopewillonlydepartwithmylastbreath)，Ihavenoideaofalibertyunconnectedwithhonestyandjustice。NordoIbelievethatanygoodconstitutionsofgovernment，oroffreedom，canfinditnecessaryfortheirsecuritytodoomanypartofthepeopletoapermanentslavery。Suchaconstitutionoffreedom，ifsuchcanbe，isineffectnomorethananothernameforthetyrannyofthestrongestfaction;andfactionsinrepublicshavebeen，andare，fullascapableasmonarchsofthemostcrueloppressionandinjustice。Itisbuttootrue，thatthelove，andeventheveryideaofgenuinelibertyisextremelyrare。Itisbuttootrue，thattherearemanywhosewholeschemeoffreedomismadeupofpride，perverseness，andinsolence。Theyfeelthemselvesinastateofthraldom，theyimaginethattheirsoulsarecoopedandcabinedin，unlesstheyhavesomeman，orsomebodyofmen，dependentontheirmercy。Thedesireofhavingsomeonebelowthemdescendstothosewhoaretheverylowestofall，——andaProtestantcobbler，debasedbyhispoverty，butexaltedbyhisshareoftherulingchurch，feelsaprideinknowingitisbyhisgenerosityalonethatthepeer，whosefootman’sinstephemeasures，isabletokeephischaplainfromagaol。

ENGLAND’SEMBASSYTOAMERICA。

TheyenterthecapitalofAmericaonlytoabandonit;andtheseassertorsandrepresentativesofthedignityofEngland，atthetailofaflyingarmy，letflytheirParthianshaftsofmemorialsandremonstrancesatrandombehindthem。Theirpromisesandtheiroffers，theirflatteriesandtheirmenaces，werealldespised;andweweresavedfromthedisgraceoftheirformalreception，onlybecausethecongressscornedtoreceivethem;whilstthestate-houseofindependentPhiladelphiaopenedherdoorstothepublicentryoftheambassadorofFrance。Fromwarandbloodwewenttosubmission;andfromsubmissionplungedbackagaintowarandblood;todesolateandbedesolated，withoutmeasure，hope，orend。IamaRoyalist，Iblushedforthisdegradationofthecrown。IamaWhig，Iblushedforthedishonourofparliament。IamatrueEnglishman，IfelttothequickforthedisgraceofEngland。Iamaman，Ifeltforthemelancholyreverseofhumanaffairsinthefallofthefirstpowerintheworld。

HOWARD，THEPHILANTHROPIST。

Icannotnamethisgentlemanwithoutremarkingthathislaboursandwritingshavedonemuchtoopentheeyesandheartsofmankind。HehasvisitedallEurope，——nottosurveythesumptuousnessofpalaces，orthestatelinessoftemples;nottomakeaccuratemeasurementsoftheremainsofancientgrandeur，nortoformascaleofthecuriosityofmodernart;

nottocollectmedals，orcollatemanuscripts：——buttodiveintothedepthsofdungeons;toplungeintotheinfectionofhospitals;tosurveythemansionsofsorrowandpain;totakethegaugeanddimensionsofmisery，depression，andcontempt;toremembertheforgotten，toattendtotheneglected，tovisittheforsaken，andtocompareandcollatethedistressesofallmeninallcountries。Hisplanisoriginal;andisasfullofgeniusasitisofhumanity。Itwasavoyageofdiscovery;acircumnavigationofcharity。Alreadythebenefitofhislabourisfeltmoreorlessineverycountry;Ihopehewillanticipatehisfinalrewardbyseeingallitseffectsfullyrealizedinhisown。Hewillreceive，notbydetail，butingross，therewardofthosewhovisittheprisoner;andhehassoforestalledandmonopolizedthisbranchofcharity，thattherewillbe，Itrust，littleroomtomeritbysuchactsofbenevolencehereafter。

PARLIAMENTARYRETROSPECT。

Itiscertainlynotpleasingtobeputoutofthepublicservice。ButI

wishtobeamemberofparliament，tohavemyshareofdoinggoodandresistingevil。Itwouldthereforebeabsurdtorenouncemyobjectsinordertoobtainmyseat。IdeceivemyselfindeedmostgrosslyifIhadnotmuchratherpasstheremainderofmylifehiddenintherecessesofthedeepestobscurity，feedingmymindevenwiththevisionsandimaginationsofsuchthings，thantobeplacedonthemostsplendidthroneoftheuniverse，tantalizedwithadenialofthepracticeofallwhichcanmakethegreatestsituationanyotherthanthegreatestcurse。

Gentlemen，Ihavehadmyday。IcanneversufficientlyexpressmygratitudetoyouforhavingsetmeinaplacewhereinIcouldlendtheslightesthelptogreatandlaudabledesigns。IfIhavehadmyshareinanymeasuregivingquiettoprivateproperty，andprivateconscience;ifbymyvoteIhaveaidedinsecuringtofamiliesthebestpossession，peace;ifIhavejoinedinreconcilingkingstotheirsubjects，andsubjectstotheirprince;ifIhaveassistedtoloosentheforeignholdingsofthecitizen，andtaughthimtolookforhisprotectiontothelawsofhiscountry，andforhiscomforttothegoodwillofhiscountrymen——ifIhavethustakenmypartwiththebestofmeninthebestoftheiractions，Icanshutthebook;——Imightwishtoreadapageortwomore——butthisisenoughformymeasure，——Ihavenotlivedinvain。

PEOPLEANDPARLIAMENT。

Letthecommonsinparliamentassembledbeoneandthesamethingwiththecommonsatlarge。Thedistinctionsthataremadetoseparateusareunnaturalandwickedcontrivances。Letusidentify，letusincorporate，ourselveswiththepeople。Letuscutallthecablesandsnapthechainswhichtieustoanunfaithfulshore，andenterthefriendlyharbourthatshootsfaroutintothemainitsmolesandjetteestoreceiveus——“Warwiththeworld，andpeacewithourconstituents。”Bethisourmotto，andourprinciple。Then，indeed，weshallbetrulygreat。Respectingourselves，weshallberespectedbytheworld。Atpresentallistroubled，andcloudy，anddistracted，andfullofangerandturbulence，bothabroadandathome;buttheairmaybeclearedbythisstorm，andlightandfertilitymayfollowit。Letusgiveafaithfulpledgetothepeople，thatwehonourindeedthecrown，butthatweBELONGtothem;

thatwearetheirauxiliaries，andnottheirtask-masters，——thefellow-labourersinthesamevineyard，——notlordingovertheirrights，buthelpersoftheirjoy：thattotaxthemisagrievancetoourselves;

buttocutofffromourenjoymentstoforwardtheirs，isthehighestgratificationwearecapableofreceiving。

REFORMEDCIVILLIST。

Asthingsnowstand，everyman，inproportiontohisconsequenceatcourt，tendstoaddtotheexpenseofthecivillist，byallmannerofjobs，ifnotforhimself，yetforhisdependents。Whenthenewplanisestablished，thosewhoarenowsuitorsforjobswillbecomethemoststrenuousopposersofthem。Theywillhaveacommoninterestwiththeministerinpubliceconomy。Everyclass，asitstandslow，willbecomesecurityforthepaymentoftheprecedingclass;and，thus，thepersonswhoseinsignificantservicesdefraudthosethatareuseful，wouldthenbecomeinterestedintheirpayment。Thenthepowerful，insteadofoppressing，wouldbeobligedtosupporttheweak;andidlenesswouldbecomeconcernedintherewardofindustry。Thewholefabricofthecivileconomywouldbecomecompactandconnectedinallitsparts;itwouldbeformedintoawell-organizedbody，whereeverymembercontributestothesupportofthewhole;andwhereeventhelazystomachsecuresthevigouroftheactivearm。

FRENCHANDENGLISHREVOLUTION。

Hefeltsomeconcernthatthisstrangething，calledaRevolutioninFrance，shouldbecomparedwiththegloriouseventcommonlycalledtheRevolutioninEngland;andtheconductofthesoldiery，onthatoccasion，comparedwiththebehaviourofsomeofthetroopsofFranceinthepresentinstance。AtthatperiodtheprinceofOrange，aprinceoftheblood-royalinEngland，wascalledinbythefloweroftheEnglisharistocracytodefenditsancientconstitution，andnottolevelalldistinctions。Tothisprince，soinvited，thearistocraticleaderswhocommandedthetroopswentoverwiththeirseveralcorps，inbodies，tothedelivereroftheircountry。Aristocraticleadersbroughtupthecorpsofcitizenswhonewlyenlistedinthiscause。Militaryobediencechangeditsobject;butmilitarydisciplinewasnotforamomentinterruptedinitsprinciple。Thetroopswerereadyforwar，butindisposedtomutiny。ButastheconductoftheEnglisharmieswasdifferent，sowasthatofthewholeEnglishnationatthattime。Intruth，thecircumstancesofourrevolution(asitiscalled)andthatofFrance，arejustthereverseofeachotherinalmosteveryparticular，andinthewholespiritofthetransaction。Withusitwasthecaseofalegalmonarchattemptingarbitrarypower——inFranceitisthecaseofanarbitrarymonarch，beginning，fromwhatevercause，tolegalizehisauthority。Theonewastoberesisted，theotherwastobemanagedanddirected;butinneithercasewastheorderofthestatetobechanged，lestgovernmentmightberuined，whichoughtonlytobecorrectedandlegalized。Withuswegotridoftheman，andpreservedtheconstituentpartsofthestate。Theretheygetridoftheconstituentpartsofthestate，andkeeptheman。Whatwedidwasintruthandsubstance，andinaconstitutionallight，arevolution，notmade，butprevented。Wetooksolidsecurities;wesettleddoubtfulquestions;wecorrectedanomaliesinourlaw。Inthestable，fundamentalpartsofourconstitutionwemadenorevolution;no，noranyalterationatall。Wedidnotimpairthemonarchy。Perhapsitmightbeshownthatwestrengtheneditveryconsiderably。Thenationkeptthesameranks，thesameorders，thesameprivileges，thesamefranchises，thesamerulesforproperty，thesamesubordinations，thesameorderinthelaw，intherevenue，andinthemagistracy;thesamelords，thesamecommons，thesamecorporations，thesameelectors。

Thechurchwasnotimpaired。Herestates，hermajesty，hersplendour，herordersandgradations，continuedthesame。Shewaspreservedinherfullefficiency，andclearedonlyofacertainintolerance，whichwasherweaknessanddisgrace。Thechurchandthestatewerethesameaftertherevolutionthattheywerebefore，butbettersecuredineverypart。

Waslittledonebecausearevolutionwasnotmadeintheconstitution？

No！Everythingwasdone;becausewecommencedwithreparation，notwithruin。Accordinglythestateflourished。Insteadoflayingasdead，inasortoftrance，orexposed，assomeothers，inanepilepticfit，tothepityorderisionoftheworld，forherwild，ridiculous，convulsivemovements，impotenttoeverypurposebutthatofdashingoutherbrainsagainstthepavement，GreatBritainroseabovethestandardevenofherformerself。Aneraofamoreimproveddomesticprosperitythencommenced，andstillcontinuesnotonlyunimpaired，butgrowing，underthewastinghandoftime。Alltheenergiesofthecountrywereawakened。

Englandneverpreservedafirmercountenance，noramorevigorousarm，toallherenemies，andtoallherrivals。Europeunderherrespiredandrevived。Everywheresheappearedastheprotector，assertor，oravenger，ofliberty。Awarwasmadeandsupportedagainstfortuneitself。ThetreatyofRyswick，whichfirstlimitedthepowerofFrance，wassoonaftermade;thegrandallianceveryshortlyfollowed，whichshooktothefoundationsthedreadfulpowerwhichmenacedtheindependenceofmankind。ThestatesofEuropelayhappyundertheshadeofagreatandfreemonarchy，whichknewhowtobegreatwithoutendangeringitsownpeaceathome，ortheinternalorexternalpeaceofanyofitsneighbours。

ARMEDDISCIPLINE。

Heknewtoowell，andhefeltasmuchasanyman，howdifficultitwastoaccommodateastandingarmytoafreeconstitution，ortoanyconstitution。Anarmed，disciplined，bodyis，initsessence，dangeroustoliberty;undisciplined，itisruinoustosociety。Itscomponentpartsare，inthelattercase，neithergoodcitizensnorgoodsoldiers。WhathavetheythoughtofinFrance，undersuchadifficultyasalmostputsthehumanfacultiestoastand？Theyhaveputtheirarmyundersuchavarietyofprinciplesofduty，thatitismorelikelytobreedlitigants，pettifoggers，andmutineers，thansoldiers。Theyhavesetup，tobalancetheircrownarmy，anotherarmy，derivingunderanotherauthority，calledamunicipalarmy——abalanceofarmies，notoforders。

Theselattertheyhavedestroyedwitheverymarkofinsultandoppression。Statesmay，andtheywillbest，existwithapartitionofcivilpowers。Armiescannotexistunderadividedcommand。Thisstateofthingshethought，ineffect，astateofwar，or，atbest，butatruceinsteadofpeace，inthecountry。

GILDEDDESPOTISM。

Inthelastcentury，LouistheFourteenthhadestablishedagreaterandbetterdisciplinedmilitaryforcethaneverhadbeenbeforeseeninEurope，andwithitaperfectdespotism。Thoughthatdespotismwasproudlyarrayedinmanners，gallantry，splendour，magnificence，andevencoveredoverwiththeimposingrobesofscience，literature，andarts，itwas，ingovernment，nothingbetterthanapaintedandgildedtyranny;

inreligion，ahard，sternintolerance，thefitcompanionandauxiliarytothedespotictyrannywhichprevailedinitsgovernment。ThesamecharacterofdespotisminsinuateditselfintoeverycourtofEurope，thesamespiritofdisproportionedmagnificence——thesameloveofstandingarmies，abovetheabilityofthepeople。Inparticular，ourthensovereigns，KingCharlesandKingJames，fellinlovewiththegovernmentoftheirneighbour，soflatteringtotheprideofkings。A

similarityofsentimentsbroughtonconnectionsequallydangeroustotheinterestsandlibertiesoftheircountry。Itwerewellthattheinfectionhadgonenofartherthanthethrone。Theadmirationofagovernmentflourishingandsuccessful，uncheckedinitsoperations，andseemingthereforetocompassitsobjectsmorespeedilyandeffectually，gainedsomethinguponallranksofpeople。Thegoodpatriotsofthatday，however，struggledagainstit。TheysoughtnothingmoreanxiouslythantobreakoffallcommunicationwithFrance，andtobegetatotalalienationfromitscouncilsanditsexample;which，bytheanimosityprevalentbetweentheabettorsoftheirreligioussystemandtheassertorsofours，wasinsomedegreeeffected。

OURFRENCHDANGERS。

InthelastagewewereindangerofbeingentangledbytheexampleofFranceinthenetofarelentlessdespotism。Itisnotnecessarytosayanythinguponthatexample。Itexistsnolonger。Ourpresentdangerfromtheexampleofapeople，whosecharacterknowsnomedium，is，withregardtogovernment，adangerfromanarchy;adangerofbeingledthroughanadmirationofsuccessfulfraudandviolence，toanimitationoftheexcessesofanirrational，unprincipled，proscribing，confiscating，plundering，ferocious，bloody，andtyrannicaldemocracy。

Onthesideofreligion，thedangeroftheirexampleisnolongerfromintolerance，butfromatheism;afoul，unnaturalvice，foetoallthedignityandconsolationofmankind;whichseemsinFrance，foralongtime，tohavebeenembodiedintoafaction，accredited，andalmostavowed。

SIRGEORGESAVILLE。

Whenanactofgreatandsignalhumanitywastobedone，anddonewithalltheweightandauthoritythatbelongedtoit，theworldwouldcastitseyesuponnonebuthim。Ihopethatfewthingswhichhaveatendencytoblessortoadornlifehavewhollyescapedmyobservationinmypassagethroughit。Ihavesoughttheacquaintanceofthatgentleman，andhaveseenhiminallsituations。Heisatruegenius;withanunderstandingvigorous，andacute，andrefined，anddistinguishingeventoexcess;andilluminatedwithamostunbounded，peculiar，andoriginalcastofimagination。Withthesehepossessesmanyexternalandinstrumentaladvantages;andhemakesuseofthemall。Hisfortuneisamongthelargest;afortunewhich，whollyunincumbered，asitis，withonesinglechargefromluxury，vanity，orexcess，sinksunderthebenevolenceofitsdispenser。Thisprivatebenevolence，expandingitselfintopatriotism，rendershiswholebeingtheestateofthepublic，inwhichhehasnotreservedapeculiumforhimselfofprofit，diversion，orrelaxation。Duringthesession，thefirstin，andthelastoutoftheHouseofCommons;hepassesfromthesenatetothecamp;and，seldomseeingtheseatofhisancestors，heisalwaysinthesenatetoservehiscountry，orinthefieldtodefendit。

CORRUPTIONNOTSELF-REFORMED。

Those，whowouldcommitthereformationofIndiatothedestroyersofit，aretheenemiestothatreformation。Theywouldmakeadistinctionbetweendirectorsandproprietors，which，inthepresentstateofthings，doesnot，cannotexist。Butarighthonourablegentlemansays，hewouldkeepthepresentgovernmentofIndiainthecourtofdirectors;

andwould，tocurbthem，providesalutaryregulations;——wonderful！Thatis，hewouldappointtheoldoffenderstocorrecttheoldoffences;andhewouldrendertheviciousandthefoolishwiseandvirtuous，bysalutaryregulations。Hewouldappointthewolfasguardianofthesheep;buthehasinventedacuriousmuzzle，bywhichthisprotectingwolfshallnotbeabletoopenhisjawsaboveaninchortwoattheutmost。Thushisworkisfinished。ButItelltherighthonourablegentleman，thatcontrolleddepravityisnotinnocence;andthatitisnotthelabourofdelinquencyinchainsthatwillcorrectabuses。Willthesegentlemenofthedirectionanimadvertonthepartnersoftheirownguilt？Neverdidaseriousplanofamendinganyoldtyrannicalestablishmentproposetheauthorsandabettorsoftheabusesasthereformersofthem。

THEBRIBEDANDTHEBRIBERS。

IfIamtospeakmyprivatesentiments，Ithinkthatinathousandcasesforoneitwouldbefarlessmischievoustothepublic，andfullaslittledishonourabletothemselves，tobepollutedwithdirectbribery，thanthustobecomeastandingauxiliarytotheoppression，usury，andpeculation，ofmultitudes，inordertoobtainacorruptsupporttotheirpower。Itisbybribing，notsooftenbybeingbribed，thatwickedpoliticiansbringruinonmankind。Avariceisarivaltothepursuitsofmany。Itfindsamultitudeofchecks，andmanyopposers，ineverywalkoflife。Buttheobjectsofambitionareforthefew;andeverypersonwhoaimsatindirectprofit，andthereforewantsotherprotection，thaninnocenceandlaw，insteadofitsrivalbecomesitsinstrument。Thereisanaturalallegianceandfealtydoyoutothisdomineering，paramountevil，fromallthevassalvices，whichacknowledgeitssuperiority，andreadilymilitateunderitsbanners;anditisunderthatdisciplinealonethatavariceisabletospreadtoanyconsiderableextent，ortorenderitselfageneral，publicmischief。

HYDERALI。

WhenatlengthHyderAlifoundthathehadtodowithmenwhoeitherwouldsignnoconvention，orwhomnotreatyandnosignaturecouldbind，andwhowerethedeterminedenemiesofhumanintercourseitself，hedecreedtomakethecountrypossessedbytheseincorrigibleandpredestinatedcriminalsamemorableexampletomankind。Heresolved，inthegloomyrecessesofamindcapaciousofsuchthings，toleavethewholeCarnaticaneverlastingmonumentofvengeance，andtoputperpetualdesolationasabarrierbetweenhimandthose，againstwhomthefaithwhichholdsthemoralelementsoftheworldtogether，wasnoprotection。Hebecameatlengthsoconfidentofhisforce，socollectedinhismight，thathemadenosecretwhatsoeverofhisdreadfulresolution。Havingterminatedhisdisputeswitheveryenemy，andeveryrival，whoburiedtheirmutualanimositiesintheircommondetestationagainstthecreditorsofthenabobofArcot，hedrewfromeveryquarterwhateverasavageferocitycouldaddtohisnewrudimentsintheartsofdestruction;andcompoundingallthematerialsoffury，havoc，anddesolation，intooneblackcloud，hehungforawhileonthedeclivitiesofthemountains。Whilsttheauthorsofalltheseevilswereidlyandstupidlygazingonthismenacingmeteor，whichblackenedalltheirhorizon，itsuddenlyburst，andpoureddownthewholeofitscontentsupontheplainsoftheCarnatic。Thenensuedasceneofwoe，thelikeofwhichnoeyehadseen，noheartconceived，andwhichnotonguecanadequatelytell。Allthehorrorsofwarbeforeknownorheardof，weremercytothatnewhavoc。Astormofuniversalfireblastedeveryfield，consumedeveryhouse，destroyedeverytemple。Themiserableinhabitantsflyingfromtheirflamingvillages，inpartwereslaughtered;others，withoutregardtosex，toage，totherespectofrank，orsacrednessoffunction，fatherstornfromchildren，husbandsfromwives，envelopedinawhirlwindofcavalry，andamidstthegoadingspearsofdrivers，andthetramplingofpursuinghorses，weresweptintocaptivity，inanunknownandhostileland。Thosewhowereabletoevadethetempestfledtothewalledcities。Butescapingfromfire，sword，andexile，theyfellintothejawsoffamine。

Thealmsofthesettlementinthisdreadfulexigency，werecertainlyliberal;andallwasdonebycharitythatprivatecharitycoulddo;butitwasapeopleinbeggary;itwasanationwhichstretchedoutitshandsforfood。Formonthstogetherthesecreaturesofsufferance，whoseveryexcessandluxuryintheirmostplenteousdayshadfallenshortoftheallowanceofourausterestfasts，silent，patient，resigned，withoutseditionordisturbance，almostwithoutcomplaint，perishedbyanhundredadayinthestreetsofMadras;everydayseventyatleastlaidtheirbodiesinthestreets，orontheglacisofTanjore，andexpiredoffamineinthegranaryofIndia。Iwasgoingtoawakeyourjusticetowardsthisunhappypartofourfellow-citizens，bybringingbeforeyousomeofthecircumstancesofthisplagueofhunger。Ofallthecalamitieswhichbesetandwaylaythelifeofman，thiscomesthenearesttoourheart，andisthatwhereintheproudestofusallfeelshimselftobenothingmorethanheis：butIfindmyselfunabletomanageitwithdecorum：thesedetailsareofaspeciesofhorrorsonauseousanddisgusting;theyaresodegradingtothesufferersandtothehearers;theyaresohumiliatingtohumannatureitself，that，onbetterthoughts，Ithinkitmoreadvisabletothrowapalloverthishideousobject，andtoleaveittoyourgeneralconceptions。