第10章
CHAPTERXVII
20。Whohasgatheredthe”embitteredones”[579]intoasinglesociety？Fortheyallhavethesameend，whichistemporalandearthlyhappiness。Thisistheirmotivefordoingeverything，althoughtheymayfluctuatewithinaninnumerablediversityofconcerns。Whobutthee，OLord，gatheredthemtogether，thouwhosaidst，”Letthewatersbegatheredtogetherintooneplaceandletthedrylandappear”——athirstforthee？Fortheseaalsoisthine，andthoumadestit，andthyhandsformedthedryland。[580]
Foritisnotthebitternessofmen’swillsbutthegatheringtogetherofthewaterswhichiscalled”thesea”；yetthoudostcurbthewickedlustsofmen’ssoulsandfixtheirbounds:howfartheyareallowedtoadvance，andwheretheirwaveswillbebrokenagainsteachother——andthusthoumakestit”asea，”bytheprovidenceofthygovernanceofallthings。
21。Butasforthesoulsthatthirstaftertheeandwhoappearbeforethee——separatedfrom”thesocietyofthe[bitter]
sea”byreasonoftheirdifferentends——thouwaterestthembyasecretandsweetspring，sothat”theearth”maybringforthherfruitand——thou，OLord，commandingit——oursoulsmaybudforthinworksofmercyaftertheirkind。[581]Thusweshallloveourneighborinministeringtohisbodilyneeds，forinthiswaythesoulhasseedinitselfafteritskindwheninourowninfirmityourcompassionreachesouttothereliefoftheneedy，helpingthemevenaswewoulddesiretobehelpedourselvesifwewereinsimilarneed。Thuswehelp，notonlyineasyproblems(asissignifiedby”theherbyieldingitsseed”)butalsointheofferingofourbeststrengthinaffordingthemtheaidofprotection(suchas”thetreebearingitsfruit”)。Thisistosay，weseektorescuehimwhoissufferinginjuryfromthehandsofthepowerful——furnishinghimwiththeshelteringprotectionwhichcomesfromthestrongarmofarighteousjudgment。[582]
CHAPTERXVIII
22。Thus，OLord，thusIbeseechthee:letithappenasthouhastpreparedit，asthougivestjoyandthecapacityforjoy。
Lettruthspringupoutoftheearth，andletrighteousnesslookdownfromheaven，[583]andlettherebelightsinthefirmament。[584]
Letusbreakourbreadwiththehungry，letusbringtheshelterlesspoortoourhouse；letusclothethenaked，andneverdespisethoseofourownflesh。[585]Seefromthefruitswhichspringforthfromtheearthhowgooditis。Thusletourtemporallightbreakforth，andletusfromeventhislowerleveloffruitfulactioncometothejoyofcontemplationandholdonhightheWordofLife。Andletusatlengthappearlike”lightsintheworld，”[586]cleavingtothefirmamentofthyScripture。
Forinitthoumakestitplaintoushowwemaydistinguishbetweenthingsintelligibleandthingstangible，asifbetweenthedayandthenight——andtodistinguishbetweensoulswhogivethemselvestothingsofthemindandothersabsorbedinthingsofsense。Thusitisthatnowthouartnotaloneinthesecretofthyjudgmentasthouwastbeforethefirmamentwasmade，andbeforethoudidstdividebetweenthelightandthedarkness。Butnowalsothyspiritualchildren，placedandrankedinthissamefirmament——thygracebeingthusmanifestthroughouttheworld——
mayshedlightupontheearth，andmaydividebetweenthedayandnight，andmaybeforthesignsofthetimes[587]；becauseoldthingshavepassedaway，and，lo，allthingsarebecomenew[588]；
andbecauseoursalvationisnearerthanwhenwebelieved；andbecause”thenightisfarspentandthedayisathand”[589]；andbecause”thoucrownesttheyearwithblessing，”[590]sendingthelaborersintothyharvest，inwhichothershavelaboredinthesowingandsendinglaborersalsotomakenewsowingswhoseharvestshallnotbeuntiltheendoftime。Thusthoudostgranttheprayersofhimwhoseeks，andthoudostblesstheyearsoftherighteousman。ButthouartalwaystheSelfsame，andinthyyearswhichfailnotthoupreparestagranaryforourtransientyears。
Forbyaneternaldesignthouspreadesttheheavenlyblessingsontheearthintheirproperseasons。
23。For”toonethereisgivenbythySpiritthewordofwisdom”[591](whichresemblesthegreaterlight——whichisforthosewhosedelightisintheclearlightoftruth——asthelightwhichisgivenfortherulingoftheday[592])。ButtoanotherthewordofknowledgeisgivenbythesameSpirit(asitwere，the”lesserlight”)；toanother，faith；toanother，thegiftofhealing；toanother，thepowerofworkingmiracles；toanother，thegiftofprophecy；toanother，thediscerningofspirits；toanother，otherkindsoftongues——andallthesegiftsmaybecomparedto”thestars。”ForinthemalltheoneandselfsameSpiritisatwork，dividingtoeverymanhisownportion，asHewills，andmakingstarstoappearintheirbrightsplendorfortheprofitofsouls。Butthewordofknowledge，scientia，inwhichiscontainedallthemysteries[593]whichchangeintheirseasonslikethemoon；andalltheotherpromisesofgifts，whichwhencountedarelikethestars——allofthesefallshortofthatsplendorofWisdominwhichthedayrejoicesandareonlyfortherulingofthenight。Yettheyarenecessaryforthosetowhomthymostprudentservantcouldnotspeakastothespirituallymature，butonlyasiftocarnalmen——eventhoughhecouldspeakwisdomamongtheperfect。[594]Stillthenaturalman——asababeinChrist，andadrinkerofmilk，untilheisstrongenoughforsolidmeat，andhiseyeisabletolookintothesun——donotleavehiminalightlessnight。Instead，lethimbesatisfiedwiththelightofthemoonandthestars。Inthybookthoudostdiscussthesethingswithuswisely，ourGod——inthybook，whichisthy”firmament”——inorderthatwemaybeabletoviewallthingsinadmiringcontemplation，althoughthusfarwemustdosothroughsignsandseasonsandindaysandyears。
CHAPTERXIX
24。But，first，”washyourselvesandmakeyouclean；putawayiniquityfromyoursoulsandfrombeforemyeyes”[595]——sothat”thedryland”mayappear。”Learntodowell，judgethefatherless，pleadforthewidow，”[596]thattheearthmaybringforththegreenherbforfoodandfruit-bearingtrees。”Andcome，letusreasontogether，saiththeLord”[597]——thattheremaybelightsinthefirmamentofheavenandthattheymayshineupontheearth。
TherewasthatrichmanwhoaskedofthegoodTeacherwhatheshoulddotoattaineternallife。LetthegoodTeacher(whomtherichmanthoughtamanandnothingmore)givehimananswer——heisgoodforheisGod。Lethimanswerhimthat，ifhewouldenterintolife，hemustkeepthecommandments:lethimputawayfromhimselfthebitternessofmaliceandwickedness；lethimnotkill，norcommitadultery，norsteal，norbearfalsewitness[598]——
that”thedryland”mayappearandbringforththehonoringoffathersandmothersandtheloveofneighbor。”Allthese，”hereplied，”Ihavekept。”Wheredosomanythornscomefrom，iftheearthisreallyfruitful？uprootthebrierpatchofavarice；”sellwhatyouhave，andbefilledwithfruitbygivingtothepoor，andyoushallhavetreasureinheaven；andfollow”theLordifyouwouldbeperfectandjoinedwiththoseinwhosemidsthespeakethwisdom——whoknowhowtogiverightlytothedayandtothenight——andyouwillalsounderstand，sothatforyoualsotheremaybelightsinthefirmamentofheaven——whichwillnotbethere，however，unlessyourheartistherealso。Andyourheartwillnotbethereunlessyourtreasureisthere，[599]asyouhaveheardfromthegoodTeacher。But”thebarrenearth”[600]wasgrieved，andthebrierschokedtheword。[601]
25。Butyou，Oelectpeople，setinthefirmamentoftheworld，[602]whohaveforsakenallthatyoumayfollowtheLord:
followhimnow，andconfoundthemighty！Followhim，Obeautifulfeet，[603]andshineinthefirmament，thattheheavensmaydeclarehisglory，dividingthelightoftheperfectones[604]——
thoughnotyetsoperfectastheangels——fromthedarknessofthelittleones——whoareneverthelessnotutterlydespised。
Shineoveralltheearth，andletthedaybelightedbythesun，uttertheWordofwisdomtotheday(”dayuntodayuttersspeech”[605])andletthenight，lightedbythemoon，displaytheWordofknowledgetothenight。Themoonandthestarsgivelightforthenight；thenightdoesnotputthemout，andtheyillumineinitspropermode。Forlo，itisasifGodweresaying，”Lettherebelightsinthefirmamentoftheheaven”:andsuddenlytherecameasoundfromheaven，asifitwerearushingmightywind，andthereappearedcloventonguesoffire，andtheysatoneachofthem。[606]Andthentheyweremadetobelightsinthefirmamentofheaven，havingtheWordoflife。Runtoandfroeverywhere，youholyfires，youlovelyfires，foryouarethelightoftheworldandyouarenottobehidunderapeckmeasure。[607]Hetowhomyoucleaveisraisedonhigh，andhehathraisedyouonhigh。Runtoandfro；makeyourselvesknownamongallthenations！
CHAPTERXX
26。Alsolettheseaconceiveandbringforthyourworks，andletthewatersbearthemovingcreaturesthathavelife。[608]
ForbyseparatingthepreciousfromthevileyouaremadethemouthofGod[609]bywhomhesaid，”Letthewatersbringforth。”
Thisdoesnotrefertothelivingcreatureswhichtheearthbringsforth，buttothecreepingcreaturesthathavelifeandthefowlsthatflyovertheearth。For，bytheministryofthyholyones，thymysterieshavemadetheirwayamidthebuffetingbillowsoftheworld，toinstructthenationsinthyname，inthyBaptism。
Andamongthesethingsmanygreatandmarvelousworkshavebeenwrought，whichareanalogoustothehugewhales。Thewordsofthymessengershavegoneflyingovertheearth，highinthefirmamentofthyBookwhichisspreadoverthemastheauthoritybeneathwhichtheyaretoflywheresoevertheygo。For”thereisnospeechnorlanguagewheretheirvoiceisnotheard，”because”theirsoundhasgoneoutthroughalltheearth，andtheirwordstotheendoftheworld”[610]——andthisbecausethou，OLord，hastmultipliedthesethingsbythyblessing。
27。AmIspeakingfalsely？AmIminglingandconfoundingandnotrightlydistinguishingbetweentheknowledgeofthesethingsinthefirmamentofheavenandthosecorporealworksintheswellingseaandbeneaththefirmamentofheaven？Fortherearethosethings，theknowledgeofwhichissolidanddefined。Itdoesnotincreasefromgenerationtogenerationandthustheystand，asitwere，aslightsofwisdomandknowledge。Buttherearemanyandvariedphysicalprocessesthatmanifesttheseselfsameprinciples。Andthusonethinggrowingfromanotherismultipliedbythyblessing，OGod，whodostsorefreshoureasilyweariedmortalsensesthatinourmentalcognitionasinglethingmaybefiguredandsignifiedinmanydifferentwaysbydifferentbodilymotions。”Thewaters”havebroughtforththesemysteries，butonlyatthyword。Theneedsofthepeoplewhowerealientotheeternityofthytruthhavecalledthemforth，butonlyinthygospel，sinceitwasthese”waters”whichcastthemup——thewaterswhosestagnantbitternesswasthereasonwhytheycameforththroughthyWord。
28。Nowallthethingsthatthouhastmadearefair，andyet，lo，thouwhodidstmakeallthingsartinexpressiblyfairer。
AndifAdamhadnotfallenawayfromthee，thatbrackishsea——
thehumanrace——sodeeplyprying，soboisterouslyswelling，sorestlesslymoving，wouldneverhaveflowedforthfromhisbelly。
Thus，therewouldhavebeennoneedforthyministerstousecorporealandtangiblesignsinthemidstofmany”waters”inordertoshowforththeirmysticaldeedsandwords。ForthisisthewayIinterpretthephrases”creepingcreatures”and”flyingfowl。”Still，menwhohavebeeninstructedandinitiatedandmadedependentonthycorporealmysterieswouldnotbeabletoprofitfromthemifitwerenotthattheirsoulhasahigherlifeandunless，afterthewordofitsadmission，itdidnotlookbeyondtowarditsperfection。
CHAPTERXXI
29。Andthus，inthyWord，itwasnotthedepthoftheseabut”theearth，”[611]separatedfromthebrackishnessofthewater，thatbroughtforth，not”thecreepingandtheflyingcreaturethathaslife，”but”thelivingsoul”itself！[612]
Andnowthissoulnolongerhasneedofbaptism，astheheathenhad，orasitdidwhenitwascoveredwiththewaters——
andtherecanbenootherentranceintotheKingdomofHeaven，sincethouhastappointedthatbaptismshouldbetheentrance。
Nordoesitseekgreat，miraculousworksbywhichtobuttressfaith。Forsuchasouldoesnotrefusetobelieveunlessitseessignsandmarvels，nowthat”thefaithfulearth”isseparatedfrom”thewaters”ofthesea，whichhavebeenmadebitterbyinfidelity。Thus，forthem，”tonguesareforasign，nottothosewhobelievebuttothosewhodonotbelieve。”[613]
Andtheearthwhichthouhastfoundedabovethewatersdoesnotstandinneedofthoseflyingcreatureswhichthewatersbroughtforthatthyword。Sendforththywordintoitbytheagencyofthymessengers。Forweonlytelloftheirworks，butitisthouwhodosttheworksinthem，sothattheymaybringforth”alivingsoul”intheearth。
Theearthbringsforth”thelivingsoul”because”theearth”
isthecauseofsuchthingsbeingdonebythymessengers，justastheseawasthecauseoftheproductionofthecreepingcreatureshavinglifeandtheflyingfowlunderthefirmamentofheaven。”Theearth”nolongerneedsthem，althoughitfeedsontheFishwhichwastakenoutofthedeep，[614]setoutonthattablewhichthoupreparestinthepresenceofthosewhobelieve。Tothisendhewasraisedfromthedeep:thathemightfeed”thedryland。”
And”thefowl，”eventhoughtheywerebredinthesea，willyetbemultipliedontheearth。Thepreachingofthefirstevangelistswascalledforthbyreasonofman’sinfidelity，butthefaithfulalsoareexhortedandblessedbytheminmanifoldways，daybyday。”Thelivingsoul”hasitsoriginfrom”theearth，”becauseonlytothefaithfulisthereanyprofitinrestrainingthemselvesfromtheloveofthisworld，sothattheirsoulmaylivetothee。
Thissoulwasdeadwhileitwaslivinginpleasures——inpleasuresthatbeardeathinthem——whereasthou，OLord，artthelivingdelightofthepureheart。
30。Now，therefore，letthyministersdotheirworkon”theearth”——notastheydidformerlyin”thewaters”ofinfidelity，whentheyhadtopreachandspeakbymiraclesandmysteriesandmysticalexpressions，inwhichignorance——themotherofwonder——givesthemanattentiveearbecauseofitsfearofoccultandstrangethings。ForthisistheentryintofaithforthesonsofAdamwhoareforgetfulofthee，whohidethemselvesfromthyface，andwhohavebecomeadarkenedabyss。Instead，letthyministersworkevenason”thedryland，”safefromthewhirlpoolsoftheabyss。Letthembeanexampleuntothefaithfulbylivingbeforethemandstirringthemuptoimitation。
Forinsuchasetting，menwillheed，notwiththemereintenttohear，butalsotoact。SeektheLordandyoursoulshalllive[615]and”theearth”maybringforth”thelivingsoul。”
Benotconformedtothisworld；[616]separateyourselvesfromit。
Thesoullivesbyavoidingthosethingswhichbringdeathiftheyareloved。Restrainyourselvesfromtheunbridledwildnessofpride，fromtheindolentpassionsofluxury，andfromwhatisfalselycalledknowledge。[617]Thusmaythewildbeastbetamed，thecattlesubdued，andtheserpentmadeharmless。For，inallegory，thesefiguresarethemotionsofourmind:thatistosay，thehaughtinessofpride，thedelightoflust，andthepoisonofcuriosityaremotionsofthedeadsoul——notsodeadthatithaslostallmotion，butdeadbecauseithasdesertedthefountainoflife，andsohasbeentakenupbythistransitoryworldandconformedtoit。
31。ButthyWord，OGod，isafountainoflifeeternal，anditdoesnotpassaway。Therefore，thisdesertionisrestrainedbythyWordwhenitsaystous，”Benotconformedtothisworld，”totheendthat”theearth”maybringfortha”livingsoul”inthefountainoflife——asouldisciplinedbythyWord，bythyevangelists，bythefollowingofthefollowersofthyChrist。Forthisisthemeaningof”afterhiskind。”Amantendstofollowtheexampleofhisfriend。Thus，he[Paul]says，”BecomeasIam，becauseIhavebecomeasyouare。”[618]
Thus，inthis”livingsoul”thereshallbegoodbeasts，actingmeekly。Forthouhastcommandedthis，saying:”Doyourworkinmeeknessandyoushallbelovedbyallmen。”[619]Andthecattlewillbegood，foriftheyeatmuchtheyshallnotsufferfromsatiety；andiftheydonoteatatalltheywillsuffernolack。Andtheserpentswillbegood，notpoisonoustodoharm，butonlycunningintheirwatchfulness——exploringonlyasmuchofthistemporalnatureasisnecessaryinorderthattheeternalnaturemay”beclearlyseen，understoodthroughthethingsthathavebeenmade。”[620]Foralltheseanimalswillobeyreasonwhen，havingbeenrestrainedfromtheirdeath-dealingways，theyliveandbecomegood。
CHAPTERXXII
32。Thus，OLord，ourGod，ourCreator，whenouraffectionshavebeenturnedfromtheloveoftheworld，inwhichwediedbylivingill；andwhenwebegantobe”alivingsoul”bylivingwell；andwhentheword，”Benotconformedtothisworld，”whichthoudidstspeakthroughthyapostle，hasbeenfulfilledinus，thenwillfollowwhatthoudidstimmediatelyaddwhenthousaidst，”Butbetransformedbytherenewingofyourmind。”[621]Thiswillnotnowbe”aftertheirkind，”asifwewerefollowingtheneighborwhowentbeforeus，orasifwewerelivingaftertheexampleofabetterman——forthoudidstnotsay，”Letmanbemadeafterhiskind，”butrather，”Letusmakemaninourownimageandourownlikeness，”[622]sothatthenwemaybeabletoprovewhatthywillis。
Thisiswhythyminister——begettingchildrenbythegospelsothathemightnotalwayshavethembabeswhomhewouldhavetofeedwithmilkandnurseaschildren——thisiswhyhesaid，”Betransformedbytherenewingofyourminds，thatyoumayprovewhatisthegoodandacceptableandperfectwillofGod。”[623]
Thereforethoudidstnotsay，”Letmanbemade，”butrather，”Letusmakeman。”Andthoudidstnotsay，”Afterhiskind，”butafter”ourimage”and”likeness。”Indeed，itisonlywhenmanhasbeenrenewedinhismind，andcomestobeholdandapprehendthytruth，thathedoesnotneedanothermanashisdirector，toshowhimhowtoimitatehumanexamples。Instead，bythyguidance，heproveswhatisthygoodandacceptableandperfectwill。Andthoudostteachhim，nowthatheisabletounderstand，toseethetrinityoftheUnityandtheunityoftheTrinity。
Thisiswhythestatementintheplural，”Letusmakeman，”
isalsoconnectedwiththestatementinthesingular，”AndGodmademan。”Thusitissaidintheplural，”Afterourlikeness，”
andtheninthesingular，”AftertheimageofGod。”ManisthustransformedintheknowledgeofGod，accordingtotheimageofHimwhocreatedhim。Andnow，havingbeenmadespiritual，hejudgesallthings——thatis，allthingsthatareappropriatetobejudged——andhehimselfisjudgedofnoman。[624]
CHAPTERXXIII
33。Nowthisphrase，”hejudgesallthings，”meansthatmanhasdominionoverthefishofthesea，andoverthefowloftheair，andoverallcattleandwildbeasts，andoveralltheearth，andovereverycreepingthingthatcreepsontheearth。Andhedoesthisbythepowerofreasoninhismindbywhichheperceives”thethingsoftheSpiritofGod。”[625]But，whenmanwasputinthishighoffice，hedidnotunderstandwhatwasinvolvedandthuswasreducedtothelevelofthebrutebeasts，andmadelikethem。[626]
ThereforeinthyChurch，OourGod，bythegracethouhastgivenus——sincewearethyworkmanship，createdingoodworks(notonlythosewhoareinspiritualauthoritybutalsothosewhoarespirituallysubjecttothem)——thoumadestmanmaleandfemale。Hereallareequalinthyspiritualgracewhere，asfarassexisconcerned，thereisneithermalenorfemale，justasthereisneitherJewnorGreek，norbondnorfree。Spiritualmen，therefore，whetherthosewhoareinauthorityorthosewhoaresubjecttoauthority，judgespiritually。Theydonotjudgebythelightofthatspiritualknowledgewhichshinesinthefirmament，foritisinappropriateforthemtojudgebysosublimeanauthority。NordoesitbehoovethemtojudgeconcerningthyBookitself，althoughtherearesomethingsinitwhicharenotclear。
Instead，wesubmitourunderstandingtoitandbelievewithcertaintythatwhatishiddenfromoursightisstillrightlyandtrulyspoken。Inthisway，eventhoughamanisnowspiritualandrenewedbytheknowledgeofGodaccordingtotheimageofhimwhocreatedhim，hemustbeadoerofthelawratherthanitsjudge。[627]Neitherdoesthespiritualmanjudgeconcerningthatdivisionbetweenspiritualandcarnalmenwhichisknowntothyeyes，OGod，andwhichmaynot，asyet，bemademanifesttousbytheirexternalworks，sothatwemayknowthembytheirfruits；
yetthou，OGod，knowestthemalreadyandthouhastdividedandcalledthemsecretly，beforethefirmamentwasmade。Nordoesaman，eventhoughheisspiritual，judgethedisorderedstateofsocietyinthisworld。Forwhatbusinessofhisisittojudgethosewhoarewithout，sincehecannotknowwhichofthemmaylateroncomeintothesweetnessofthygrace，andwhichofthemmaycontinueintheperpetualbitternessoftheirimpiety？
34。Man，then，evenifhewasmadeafterthyownimage，didnotreceivethepowerofdominionoverthelightsofheaven，noroverthesecretheaven，noroverthedayandthenightwhichthoucalledstforthbeforethecreationoftheheaven，noroverthegatheringtogetherofthewaterswhichisthesea。Instead，hereceiveddominionoverthefishofthesea，andthefowlsoftheair；andoverallcattle，andalltheearth；andoverallcreepingthingswhichcreepontheearth。
Indeed，hejudgesandapproveswhathefindsrightanddisapproveswhathefindsamiss，whetherinthecelebrationofthosemysteriesbywhichareinitiatedthosewhomthymercyhastsoughtoutinthemidstofmanywaters；orinthatsacramentinwhichisexhibitedtheFishitself[628]which，beingraisedfromthedepths，thepious”earth”[629]feedsupon；or，inthesignsandsymbolsofwords，whicharesubjecttotheauthorityofthyBook——suchsignsasburstforthandsoundfromthemouth，asifitwere”flying”underthefirmament，interpreting，expounding，discoursing，disputing，blessing，invokingthee，sothatthepeoplemayanswer，”Amen。”[630]Thereasonthatallthesewordshavetobepronouncedvocallyisbecauseoftheabyssofthisworldandtheblindnessofourfleshinwhichthoughtscannotbeseendirectly，[631]buthavetobespokenaloudinourears。
Thus，althoughtheflyingfowlaremultipliedontheearth，theystilltaketheiroriginsfromthewaters。
Thespiritualmanalsojudgesbyapprovingwhatisrightandreprovingwhathefindsamissintheworksandmoralsofthefaithful，suchasintheiralmsgiving，whichissignifiedbythephrase，”Theearthbringingforthitsfruit。”Andhejudgesofthe”livingsoul，”whichisthenmadetolivebythediscipliningofheraffectionsinchastity，infasting，andinholymeditation。
Andhealsojudgesconcerningallthosethingswhichareperceivedbythebodilysenses。Foritcanbesaidthatheshouldjudgeinallmattersaboutwhichhealsohasthepowerofcorrection。
CHAPTERXXIV
35。Butwhatisthis；whatkindofmysteryisthis？Behold，OLord，thoudostblessmeninorderthattheymaybe”fruitfulandmultiply，andreplenishtheearth。”Inthisartthounotmakingasigntousthatwemayunderstandsomething[allegorically]？Whydidstthounotalsoblessthelight，whichthoucalledst”theday，”northefirmamentofheaven，northelights，northestars，northeearth，northesea？Imightreply，OourGod，thatthouincreatingusafterthyownimage——Imightreplythatthoudidstwilltobestowthisgiftofblessinguponmanalone，ifthouhadstnotsimilarlyblessedthefishesandthewhales，sothattheytooshouldbefruitfulandmultiplyandreplenishthewatersofthesea；andalsothefowls，sothattheyshouldbemultipliedontheearth。Inlikefashion，Imightsaythatthisblessingproperlybelongedonlytosuchcreaturesasarepropagatedfromtheirownkind，ifIcouldfinditgivenalsoasablessingtotrees，andplants，andthebeastsoftheearth。Butthis”increaseandmultiply”wasnotsaidtoplantsortreesorbeastsorserpents——althoughallofthese，alongwithfishesandbirdsandmen，doactuallyincreasebypropagationandsopreservetheirspecies。
36。What，then，shallIsay，OTruth，OmyLife:thatitwasidlyandvainlysaid？Surelynotthis，OFatherofpiety；farbeitfromaservantofthyWordtosayanythinglikethis！ButifI
donotunderstandwhatthoumeanestbythatphrase，letthosewhoarebetterthanI——thatis，thosemoreintelligentthanI——
interpretitbetter，inthedegreethatthouhastgiveneachofustheabilitytounderstand。
Butletalsomyconfessionbepleasinginthyeyes，forI
confesstotheethatIbelieve，OLord，thatthouhastnotspokenthusinvain。NorwillIbesilentastowhatmyreadinghassuggestedtome。Foritisvalid，andIdonotseeanythingtopreventmefromthusinterpretingthefigurativesayingsinthybooks。ForIknowthatathingthatisunderstoodinonlyonewayinthemindmaybeexpressedinmanydifferentwaysbythebody；
andIknowthatathingthathasonlyonemannerofexpressionthroughthebodymaybeunderstoodinthemindinmanydifferentways。Forconsiderthissingleexample——theloveofGodandofourneighbor——byhowmanydifferentmysteriesandcountlesslanguages，and，ineachlanguage，byhowmanydifferentwaysofspeaking，thisissignifiedcorporeally！Insimilarfashion，the”youngfish”in”thewaters”increaseandmultiply。Ontheotherhand，whoeveryouarewhoreadsthis，observeandbeholdwhatScripturedeclares，andhowthevoicepronouncesit_inonlyoneway_，”InthebeginningGodcreatedheavenandearth。”[632]Isthisnotunderstoodinmanydifferentwaysbydifferentkindsoftrueinterpretationswhichdonotinvolvethedeceitoferror？
Thustheoffspringofmenarefruitfulanddomultiply。[633]
37。If，then，weconsiderthenatureofthings，intheirstrictlyliteralsense，andnotallegorically，thephrase，”Befruitfulandmultiply，”appliestoallthingsthatarebegottenbyseed。Butifwetreatthesewordsfiguratively，asIjudgethattheScriptureintendedthemtobe——sinceitcannotbefornothingthatthisblessingisattributedonlytotheoffspringofmarinelifeandman——thenwediscoverthatthecharacteristicoffecunditybelongsalsotothespiritualandphysicalcreations(whicharesignifiedby”heavenandearth”)，andalsoinrighteousandunrighteoussouls(whicharesignifiedby”lightanddarkness”)andinthesacredwritersthroughwhomthelawisuttered(whoaresignifiedby”thefirmamentestablishedbetweenthewatersandthewaters”)；andintheearthlycommonwealthstillsteepedintheirbitterness(whichissignifiedby”thesea”)；andinthezealofholysouls(signifiedby”thedryland”)；andtheworksofmercydoneinthispresentlife(signifiedby”theseed-
bearingherbsandfruit-bearingtrees”)；andinspiritualgiftswhichshineoutforouredification(signifiedby”thelightsofheaven”)；andtohumanaffectionsruledbytemperance(signifiedby”thelivingsoul”)。Inalltheseinstanceswemeetwithmultiplicityandfertilityandincrease；buttheparticularwayinwhich”Befruitfulandmultiply”canbeexemplifieddifferswidely。Thusasinglecategorymayincludemanythings，andwecannotdiscoverthemexceptthroughtheirsignsdisplayedcorporeallyandbythethingsbeingexcogitatedbythemind。
Wethusinterpretthephrase，”Thegenerationofthewaters，”
asreferringtothecorporeallyexpressedsigns[offecundity]，sincetheyaremadenecessarybythedegreeofourinvolvementintheflesh。Butthepowerofhumangenerationreferstotheprocessofmentalconception；thisweseeinthefruitfulnessofreason。Therefore，webelievethattobothofthesetwokindsithasbeensaidbythee，OLord，”Befruitfulandmultiply。”Inthisblessing，Irecognizethatthouhastgrantedusthefacultyandpowernotonlytoexpresswhatweunderstandbyasingleideainmanydifferentwaysbutalsotounderstandinmanywayswhatwefindexpressedobscurelyinasinglestatement。Thusthewatersoftheseaarereplenished，andtheirwavesaresymbolsofdiversemeanings。Andthusalsotheearthisalsoreplenishedwithhumanoffspring。Itsdrynessisthesymbolofitsthirstfortruth，andofthefactthatreasonrulesoverit。
CHAPTERXXV
38。Ialsodesiretosay，OmyLordGod，whatthefollowingScripturesuggeststome。Indeed，Iwillspeakwithoutfear，forIwillspeakthetruth，asthouinspirestmetoknowwhatthoudostwillthatIshouldsayconcerningthesewords。ForIdonotbelieveIcanspeakthetruthbyanyotherinspirationthanthine，sincethouarttheTruth，andeverymanaliar。[634]Hence，hethatspeaksalie，speaksoutofhimself。Therefore，ifIamtospeakthetruth，Imustspeakofthytruth。
Behold，thouhastgivenusforourfoodeveryseed-bearingherbonthefaceoftheearth，andalltreesthatbearinthemselvesseedoftheirownkind；andnottousonly，buttoallthefowlsoftheairandthebeastsofthefieldandallcreepingthings。[635]Still，thouhastnotgiventhesethingstothefishesandgreatwhales。Wehavesaidthatbythesefruitsoftheearththeworksofmercyweresignifiedandfiguredforthinanallegory:thus，fromthefruitfulearth，thingsareprovidedforthenecessitiesoflife。Suchan”earth”wasthegodlyOnesiphorus，towhosehousethougavestmercybecauseheoftenrefreshedPaulandwasnotashamedofhisbonds。[636]ThiswasalsothewayofthebrethrenfromMacedonia，whoboresuchfruitandsuppliedtohimwhathelacked。Butnoticehowhegrievesforcertain”trees，”whichdidnotgivehimthefruitthatwasdue，whenhesaid，”Atmyfirstanswernomanstoodwithme，butallmenforsookme:IprayGod，thatitbenotlaiduptotheircharge。”[637]Forweowe”fruits”tothosewhoministerspiritualdoctrinetousthroughtheirunderstandingofthedivinemysteries。Weowethesetothemasmen。Weowethesefruits，also，to”thelivingsouls”sincetheyofferthemselvesasexamplesforusintheirowncontinence。And，finally，weowethemlikewiseto”theflyingcreatures”becauseoftheirblessingswhicharemultipliedontheearth，for”theirsoundhasgoneforthintoalltheearth。”[638]
CHAPTERXXVI
39。Thosewhofindtheirjoyinitarefedbythese”fruits”；butthosewhosegodistheirbellyfindnojoyinthem。
Forinthosewhoofferthesefruits，itisnotthefruititselfthatmatters，butthespiritinwhichtheygivethem。Therefore，hewhoservesGodandnothisownbellymayrejoiceinthem，andI
plainlyseewhy。Iseeit，andIrejoicewithhimgreatly。Forhe[Paul]hadreceivedfromthePhilippiansthethingstheyhadsentbyEpaphroditus；yetIseewhyherejoiced。Hewasfedbywhathefoundhisjoyin；for，speakingtruly，hesays，”IrejoiceintheLordgreatly，thatnowatthelastyourcareofmehasflourishedagain，inwhichyouwereoncesocareful，butithadbecomeawearinesstoyou。[639]ThesePhilippians，intheirextendedperiodofwearinessinwell-doing，hadbecomeweakandwere，sotosay，driedup；theywerenolongerbringingforththefruitsofgoodworks。AndnowPaulrejoicesinthem——andnotjustforhimselfalone——becausetheywereflourishingagaininministeringtohisneeds。Thereforeheadds:”Idonotspeakinrespectofmywant，forIhavelearnedinwhatsoeverstateIamtherewithtobecontent。Iknowbothhowtobeabasedandhowtoabound；everywhereandinallthingsIaminstructedbothtobefullandtobehungry，bothtoaboundandtosufferneed。IcandoallthingsthroughChristwhostrengthenethme。”[640]
40。Wheredoyoufindjoyinallthings，OgreatPaul？Whatisthecauseofyourjoy？Onwhatdoyoufeed，Oman，renewednowintheknowledgeofGodaftertheimageofhimwhocreatedyou，O
livingsoulofsuchgreatcontinence——Otonguelikeawingedbird，speakingmysteries？Whatfoodisowedsuchcreatures；whatisitthatfeedsyou？Itisjoy！Forhearwhatfollows:”Nevertheless，youhavedonewellinthatyouhavesharedwithmeinmyaffliction。”[641]Thisiswhathefindshisjoyin；thisiswhathefeedson。Theyhavedonewell，notmerelybecausehisneedhadbeenrelieved——forhesaystothem，”YouhaveopenedmyheartwhenIwasindistress”——butbecauseheknewbothhowtoaboundandhowtosufferneed，intheewhodidststrengthenhim。
Andsohesaid，”You[Philippians]knowalsothatinthebeginningofthegospel，whenIdepartedfromMacedonia，nochurchsharedwithmeinregardtogivingandreceiving，exceptyouonly。ForeveninThessalonicayousenttimeandtimeagain，accordingtomyneed。”[642]Henowfindshisjoyinthefactthattheyhavereturnedonceagaintothesegoodworks，andheismadegladthattheyareflourishingagain，asafruitfulfieldwhenitrecoversitsfertility。
41。Wasitonaccountofhisownneedsalonethathesaid，”Youhavesentmegiftsaccordingtomyneeds？”Doeshefindjoyinthat？Certainlynotforthatalone。Buthowdoweknowthis？
Weknowitbecausehehimselfadds，”NotbecauseIdesireagift，butbecauseIdesirefruit。”[643]
NowIhavelearnedfromthee，OmyGod，howtodistinguishbetweentheterms”gift”and”fruit。”A”gift”isthethingitself，givenbyonewhobestowslife’snecessitiesonanother——
suchasmoney，food，drink，clothing，shelter，andaid。But”thefruit”isthegoodandrightwillofthegiver。ForthegoodTeachernotonlysaid，”Hethatreceivesaprophet，”butheadded，”Inthenameofaprophet。”Andhedidnotsayonly，”Hewhoreceivesarighteousman，”butadded，”Inthenameofarighteousman。”[644]Thus，surely，theformershallreceivetherewardofaprophet；thelatter，thatofarighteousman。Nordidhesayonly，”Whoevershallgiveacupofcoldwatertooneoftheselittleonestodrink，”butadded，”Inthenameofadisciple”；andconcluded，”TrulyItellyouheshallnotlosehisreward。”The”gift”involvesreceivingaprophet，receivingarighteousman，handingacupofcoldwatertoadisciple:butthe”fruit”istodoallthisinthenameofaprophet，inthenameofarighteousman，inthenameofadisciple。Elijahwasfedbythewidowwith”fruit，”forsheknewthatshewasfeedingamanofGodandthisiswhyshefedhim。Buthewasfedbytheravenwitha”gift。”
TheinnermanofElijahwasnotfedbythis”gift，”butonlytheouterman，whichotherwisemighthaveperishedfromthelackofsuchfood。
CHAPTERXXVII
42。ThereforeIwillspeakbeforethee，OLord，whatistrue，inorderthattheuninstructed[645]andtheinfidels，whorequirethemysteriesofinitiationandgreatworksofmiracles——
whichwebelievearesignifiedbythephrase，”Fishesandgreatwhales”——maybehelpedinbeinggained[fortheChurch]whentheyendeavortoprovidethatthyservantsarerefreshedinbody，orotherwiseaidedinthispresentlife。Fortheydonotreallyknowwhythisshouldbedone，andtowhatend。Thustheformerdonotfeedthelatter，andthelatterdonotfeedtheformer；forneitherdotheformeroffertheir”gifts”throughaholyandrightintent，nordotheothersrejoiceinthegiftsofthosewhodonotasyetseethe”fruit。”Foritisonthe”fruit”thatthemindisfed，andbywhichitisgladdened。And，therefore，fishesandwhalesarenotfedonsuchfoodastheearthalonebringsforthwhentheyhavebeenseparatedanddividedfromthebitternessof”thewaters”ofthesea。
CHAPTERXXVIII
43。Andthou，OGod，didstseeeverythingthatthouhadstmadeand，behold，itwasverygood。[646]Wealsoseethewholecreationand，behold，itisallverygood。Ineachseparatekindofthywork，whenthoudidstsay，”Letthembemade，”andtheyweremade，thoudidstseethatitwasgood。Ihavecountedseventimeswhereitiswrittenthatthoudidstseewhatthouhadstmadewas”good。”Andthereistheeighthtimewhenthoudidstsee_all_
thingsthatthouhadstmadeand，behold，theywerenotonlygoodbutalso_very_good；fortheywerenowseenasatotality。
Individuallytheywereonlygood；buttakenasatotalitytheywerebothgoodandverygood。Beautifulbodiesexpressthistruth；forabodywhichconsistsofseveralparts，eachofwhichisbeautiful，isitselffarmorebeautifulthananyofitsindividualpartsseparately，bywhosewell-orderedunionthewholeiscompletedeventhoughthesepartsareseparatelybeautiful。
CHAPTERXXIX
44。AndIlookedattentivelytofindwhetheritwassevenoreighttimesthatthoudidstseethyworksweregood，whentheywerepleasingtothee，butIfoundthattherewasno”time”inthyseeingwhichwouldhelpmetounderstandinwhatsensethouhadstlookedsomany”times”atwhatthouhadstmade。AndIsaid:”O
Lord，isnotthisthyScripturetrue，sincethouarttrue，andthytruthdothsetitforth？Why，then，dostthousaytomethatinthyseeingtherearenotimes，whilethisScripturetellsmethatwhatthoumadesteachdaythoudidstseetobegood；andwhenI
countedthemIfoundhowmany’times’？”Tothesethings，thoudidstreplytome，forthouartmyGod，andthoudostspeaktothyservantwithastrongvoiceinhisinnerear，mydeafness，andcrying:”Oman，whatmyScripturesays，Isay。Butitspeaksintermsoftime，whereastimedoesnotaffectmyWord——myWordwhichexistscoeternallywithmyself。ThusthethingsyouseethroughmySpirit，Isee；justaswhatyousaythroughmySpirit，Isay。Butwhileyouseethosethingsintime，Idonotseethemintime；andwhenyouspeakthosethingsintime，Idonotspeakthemintime。”
CHAPTERXXX
45。AndIheardthis，OLordmyGod，anddrankupadropofsweetnessfromthytruth，andunderstoodthattherearesomementowhomthyworksaredispleasing，whosaythatmanyofthemthoudidstmakeunderthecompulsionofnecessity——suchasthepatternoftheheavensandthecoursesofthestars——andthatthoudidstnotmakethemoutofwhatwasthine，butthattheywerealreadycreatedelsewhereandfromothersources。Itwasthus[theysay]thatthoudidstcollectandfashionandweavethemtogether，asiffromthyconqueredenemiesthoudidstraiseupthewallsoftheuniverse；sothat，builtintotherampartsofthebuilding，theymightnotbeableasecondtimetorebelagainstthee。And，evenofotherthings，theysaythatthoudidstneithermakethemnorarrangethem——forexample，allfleshandalltheverysmalllivingcreatures，andallthingsfastenedtotheearthbytheirroots。But[theysay]ahostilemindandanaliennature——notcreatedbytheeandineverywaycontrarytothee——begotandframedallthesethingsinthenetherpartsoftheworld。[647]
Theywhospeakthusaremad[insani]，sincetheydonotseethyworksthroughthySpirit，norrecognizetheeinthem。
CHAPTERXXXI
46。ButforthosewhoseethesethingsthroughthySpirit，itisthouwhoseesttheminthem。When，therefore，theyseethatthesethingsaregood，itisthouwhoseestthattheyaregood；
andwhatsoeverthingsarepleasingbecauseofthee，itisthouwhodostgiveuspleasureinthosethings。ThosethingswhichpleaseusthroughthySpiritarepleasingtotheeinus。”Forwhatmanknowsthethingsofamanexceptthespiritofamanwhichisinhim？Evenso，nomanknowsthethingsofGod，buttheSpiritofGod。Nowwehavenotreceivedthespiritoftheworld，buttheSpiritofGod，thatwemightknowthethingsthatarefreelygiventousfromGod。”[648]AndIamadmonishedtosay:”Yes，truly。
NomanknowsthethingsofGod，buttheSpiritofGod:buthow，then，dowealsoknowwhatthingsaregivenusbyGod？”Theanswerisgivenme:”BecauseweknowthesethingsbyhisSpirit；
fornooneknowsbuttheSpiritofGod。”ButjustasitistrulysaidtothosewhoweretospeakthroughtheSpiritofGod，”Itisnotyouwhospeak，”soitisalsotrulysaidtothemwhoknowthroughtheSpiritofGod，”Itisnotyouyourselveswhoknow，”
andjustasrightlyitmaybesaidtothosewhoperceivethroughtheSpiritofGodthatathingisgood；itisnottheywhosee，butGodwhoseeththatitisgood。
Itis，therefore，onethingtothinklikethemenwhojudgesomethingtobebadwhenitisgood，asdothosewhomwehavealreadymentioned。Itisquiteanotherthingthatamanshouldseeasgoodwhatisgood——asisthecasewithmanywhomthycreationpleasesbecauseitisgood，yetwhatpleasestheminitisnotthee，andsotheywouldprefertofindtheirjoyinthycreaturesratherthantofindtheirjoyinthee。Itisstillanotherthingthatwhenamanseesathingtobegood，Godshouldseeinhimthatitisgood——thattrulyhemaybelovedinwhathehathmade，hewhocannotbelovedexceptthroughtheHolySpiritwhichhehathgivenus:”BecausetheloveofGodisshedabroadinourheartsbytheHolySpiritwhoisgiventous。”[649]
Itisbyhimthatweseewhateverweseetobegoodinanydegree，sinceitisfromhim，whodothnotexistinanyparticulardegreebutwhosimplyiswhatheis。[650]
CHAPTERXXXII
47。Thanksbetothee，OLord！Weseetheheavenandtheearth，eitherthecorporealpart——higherandlower——orthespiritualandphysicalcreation。Andweseethelightmadeanddividedfromthedarknessfortheadornmentoftheseparts，fromwhichtheuniversalmassoftheworldortheuniversalcreationisconstituted。Weseethefirmamentofheaven，eithertheoriginal”body”oftheworldbetweenthespiritual(higher)watersandthecorporeal(lower)waters[651]ortheexpanseofair——whichisalsocalled”heaven”——throughwhichthefowlsofheavenwander，betweenthewaterswhichmoveincloudsabovethemandwhichdropdownindewonclearnights，andthosewaterswhichareheavyandflowalongtheearth。Weseethewatersgatheredtogetherinthevastplainsofthesea；andthedryland，firstbareandthenformed，soastobevisibleandwell-ordered；andthesoilofherbsandtrees。Weseethelightshiningfromabove——thesuntoservetheday，themoonandthestarstogivecheerinthenight；andweseebyallthesethattheintervalsoftimearemarkedandnoted。Weseeoneverysidethewateryelements，fruitfulwithfishes，beasts，andbirds——andwenoticethatthedensityoftheatmospherewhichsupportstheflightsofbirdsisincreasedbytheevaporationofthewaters。Weseethefaceoftheearth，repletewithearthlycreatures；andman，createdinthyimageandlikeness，intheveryimageandlikenessofthee——thatis，havingthepowerofreasonandunderstanding——byvirtueofwhichhehasbeensetoverallirrationalcreatures。Andjustasthereisinhissouloneelementwhichcontrolsbyitspowerofreflectionandanotherwhichhasbeenmadesubjectsothatitshouldobey，soalso，physically，thewomanwasmadefortheman；
for，althoughshehadalikenatureofrationalintelligenceinthemind，stillinthesexofherbodysheshouldbesimilarlysubjecttothesexofherhusband，astheappetiteofactionissubjectedtothedeliberationofthemindinordertoconceivetherulesofrightaction。Thesethingswesee，andeachofthemisgood；andthewholeisverygood！
CHAPTERXXXIII
48。Letthyworkspraisethee，thatwemaylovethee；andletuslovetheethatthyworksmaypraisethee——thoseworkswhichhaveabeginningandanendintime——arisingandasetting，agrowthandadecay，aformandaprivation。Thus，theyhavetheirsuccessionsofmorningandevening，partlyhidden，partlyplain。Fortheyweremadefromnothingbythee，andnotfromthyself，andnotfromanymatterthatisnotthine，orthatwascreatedbeforehand。Theywerecreatedfromconcreatedmatter——thatis，matterthatwascreatedbytheeatthesametimethatthoudidstformitsformlessness，withoutanyintervaloftime。
Yet，sincethematterofheavenandearthisonethingandtheformofheavenandearthisanotherthing，thoudidstcreatematteroutofabsolutelynothing(deomninonihilo)，buttheformoftheworldthoudidstformfromformlessmatter(deinformimateria)。Butbothweredoneatthesametime，sothatformfollowedmatterwithnodelayinginterval。
CHAPTERXXXIV
49。Wehavealsoexploredthequestionofwhatthoudidstdesiretofigureforth，bothinthecreationandinthedescriptionofthingsinthisparticularorder。Andwehaveseenthatthingstakenseparatelyaregood，andallthingstakentogetherareverygood，bothinheavenandearth。AndwehaveseenthatthiswaswroughtthroughthyWord，thyonlySon，theheadandthebodyoftheChurch，anditsignifiesthypredestinationbeforealltimes，withoutmorningandevening。Butwhen，intime，thoudidstbegintounfoldthethingsdestinedbeforetime，sothatthoumightestmakehiddenthingsmanifestandmightestreorderourdisorders——sinceoursinswereoverusandwehadsunkintoprofounddarknessawayfromthee，andthygoodSpiritwasmovingoverustohelpusindueseason——thoudidstjustifytheungodlyandalsodidstdividethemfromthewicked；
andthoumadesttheauthorityofthyBookafirmamentbetweenthoseabovewhowouldbeamenabletotheeandthosebeneathwhowouldbesubjecttothem。Andthoudidstgatherthesocietyofunbelievers[652]intoaconspiracy，inorderthatthezealofthefaithfulmightbecomemanifestandthattheymightbringforthworksofmercyuntothee，givingtheirearthlyrichestothepoortoobtainheavenlyriches。Thenthoudidstkindlethelightsinthefirmament，whicharethyholyones，whohavetheWordofLifeandwhoshinewithanexaltedauthority，warrantedtothembytheirspiritualgifts。Andthen，fortheinstructionoftheunbelievingnations，thoudidstoutofphysicalmatterproducethemysteriesandthevisiblemiraclesandthesoundsofwordsinharmonywiththefirmamentofthyBook，throughwhichthefaithfulshouldbeblessed。Afterthisthoudidstform”thelivingsoul”
ofthefaithful，throughtheorderingoftheirpassionsbythestrengthofcontinence。Andthenthoudidstrenew，afterthyimageandlikeness，themindwhichisfaithfultotheealone，whichneedstoimitatenohumanauthority。Thus，thoudidstsubordinaterationalactiontothehigherexcellenceofintelligence，asthewomanissubordinatetotheman。Finally，inallthyministrieswhichwereneededtoperfectthefaithfulinthislife，thoudidstwillthatthesesamefaithfulonesshouldthemselvesbringforthgoodthings，profitablefortheirtemporaluseandfruitfulforthelifetocome。Weseeallthesethings，andtheyareverygood，becausethouseestthemthusinus——thouwhohastgivenusthySpirit，bywhichwemayseethemsoandlovetheeinthem。
CHAPTERXXXV
50。OLordGod，grantusthypeace——forthouhastgivenusallthings。Grantusthepeaceofquietness，thepeaceoftheSabbath，thepeacewithoutanevening。Allthismostbeautifularrayofthings，allsoverygood，willpassawaywhenalltheircoursesarefinished——forinthemthereisbothmorningandevening。
51。Buttheseventhdayiswithoutanevening，andithasnosetting，forthouhastsanctifieditwithaneverlastingduration。
Afterallthyworksofcreation，whichwereverygood，thoudidstrestontheseventhday，althoughthouhadstcreatedthemallinunbrokenrest——andthissothatthevoiceofthyBookmightspeaktouswiththepriorassurancethatafterourworks——andtheyalsoareverygoodbecausethouhastgiventhemtous——wemayfindourrestintheeintheSabbathoflifeeternal。[653]
CHAPTERXXXVII
52。Forthenalsothoushaltsorestinusasnowthouworkestinus；and，thus，thatwillbethyrestthroughus，asthesearethyworksthroughus。Butthou，OLord，workestevermoreandartalwaysatrest。Thouseestnotintime，thoumovestnotintime，thourestestnotintime。Andyetthoumakestallthosethingswhichareseenintime——indeed，theverytimesthemselves——andeverythingthatproceedsinandfromtime。
CHAPTERXXXVIII
53。Wecanseeallthosethingswhichthouhastmadebecausetheyare——buttheyarebecausethouseestthem。[654]Andweseewithoureyesthattheyare，andweseewithourmindsthattheyaregood。Butthousawestthemasmadewhenthousawestthattheywouldbemade。
Andnow，inthispresenttime，wehavebeenmovedtodowell，nowthatourhearthasbeenquickenedbythySpirit；butintheformertime，havingforsakenthee，weweremovedtodoevil。[655]
Butthou，OtheonegoodGod，hastneverceasedtodogood！Andwehaveaccomplishedcertaingoodworksbythygoodgifts，andeventhoughtheyarenoteternal，stillwehope，afterthesethingshere，tofindourrestinthygreatsanctification。ButthouarttheGood，andneedestnorest，andartalwaysatrest，becausethouthyselfartthyownrest。
Whatmanwillteachmentounderstandthis？Andwhatangelwillteachtheangels？Orwhatangelswillteachmen？Wemustaskitofthee；wemustseekitinthee；wemustknockforitatthydoor。Onlythusshallwereceive；onlythusshallwefind；
onlythusshallthydoorbeopened。[656]
NOTES
[1]Hehadnomodelsbeforehim，forsuchearlierwritingsastheMeditationsofMarcusAureliusandtheautobiographicalsectionsinHilaryofPoitiersandCyprianofCarthagehaveonlytobecomparedwiththeConfessionstoseehowdifferenttheyare。
[2]Gen。1:1。
[3]Gen。2:2。
[4]NoticetheechohereofActs9:1。
[5]Ps。100:3。
[6]Cf。Ps。145:3andPs。147:5。
[7]Rom。10:14。
[8]Ps。22:26。
[9]Matt。7:7。
[10]AreferencetoBishopAmbroseofMilan；seeBk。V，Ch。XIII；
Bk。VIII，Ch。11，3。
[11]Ps。139:8。
[12]Jer。23:24。
[13]Cf。Ps。18:31。
[14]Ps。35:3。
[15]Cf。Ps。19:12，13。
[16]Ps。116:10。
[17]Cf。Ps。32:5。
[18]Cf。Job9:2。
[19]Ps。130:3。
[20]Ps。102:27。
[21]Ps。102:27。
[22]Cf。Ps。92:1。
[23]Cf。Ps。51:5。
[24]Inbaptismwhich，Augustinebelieved，establishedtheeffigiemChristiinthehumansoul。
[25]Cf。Ps。78:39。
[26]Cf。Ps。72:27。
[27]Aeneid，VI，457
[28]Cf。Aeneid，II。
[29]Lignumisacommonmetaphorforthecross；anditwasoftenjoinedtothefigureofNoah’sark，asthemeansofsafetransportfromearthtoheaven。
[30]Thisapostropheto”thetorrentofhumancustom”nowswitchesitsfocustothepoetswhocelebratedthephilanderingsofthegods；seeDeciv。Dei，II，vii-xi；IV，xxvi-xxviii。
[31]ProbablyacontemporarydiscipleofCicero(ortheAcademics)
whomAugustinehadheardlevyarathercommonphilosopher’scomplaintagainstOlympianreligionandthepoeticmythsaboutit。
Cf。DeLabriolle，I，21(seeBibl。)。
[32]Terence，Eunuch。，584-591；quotedagaininDeciv。Dei，II，vii。
[33]Aeneid，I，38。
[34]Cf。Ps。103:8andPs。86:15。
[35]Ps。27:8。
[36]AninterestingmixedreminiscenceofEnneads，I，5:8andLuke15:13-24。
[37]Ps。123:1。
[38]Matt。19:14。
[39]AnotherPlotinianecho；cf。Enneads，III，8:10。
[40]YetanotherPlotinianphrase；cf。Enneads，I，6，9:1-2。
[41]Cf。Gen。3:18andDebonoconjugali，8-9，39-35(N-PNF，III，396-413)。
[42]1Cor。7:28。
[43]1Cor。7:1。
[44]1Cor。7:32，33。
[45]Cf。Matt。19:12。
[46]TwentymilesfromTagaste，famedasthebirthplaceofApuleius，theonlynotableclassicalauthorproducedbytheprovinceofAfrica。
[47]AnotherechooftheDeprofundis(Ps。130:1)——andthemostexplicitstatementwehavefromAugustineofhismotiveandaiminwritingthese”confessions。”
[48]Cf。1Cor。3:9。
[49]Ps。116:16。
[50]Cf。Jer。51:6；50:8。
[51]Cf。Ps。73:7。
[52]Cicero，DeCatiline，16。
[53]Deussummumbonumetbonumverummeum。
[54]Avertitur，theoppositeofconvertitur:theevilwillturnsthesoul_away_fromGod；thisissin。Bygraceitisturned_to_
God；thisis_conversion_。
[55]Ps。116:12。
[56]Ps。19:12。
[57]Cf。Matt。25:21。
[58]Cf。Job2:7，8。
[59]2Cor。2:16。
[60]Eversores，”overturners，”fromovertere，tooverthroworruin。ThiswasthenicknameofagangofyounghoodlumsinCarthage，madeuplargely，itseems，ofstudentsintheschools。
[61]Aminoressaynowlost。Weknowofitsexistencefromotherwriters，buttheonlyfragmentsthatremainareinAugustine’sworks:ContraAcademicos，III，14:31；Debeatavita，X；
Soliloquia，I，17；DecivitateDei，III，15；ContraJulianum，IV，15:78；DeTrinitate，XIII，4:7，5:8；XIV，9:12，19:26；Epist。
CXXX，10。
[62]Notethismerelyparentheticalreferencetohisfather’sdeathandcontrastitwiththeaccountofhismother’sdeathinBk。IX，Chs。X-XII。
[63]Col。2:8，9。
[64]I。e。，MarcusTulliusCicero。
[65]TheseweretheManicheans，apseudo-ChristiansectfoundedbyaPersianreligiousteacher，Mani(c。A。D。216-277)。Theyprofessedahighlyeclecticreligioussystemchieflydistinguishedbyitsradicaldualismanditselaboratecosmogonyinwhichgoodwasco-ordinatedwithlightandevilwithdarkness。Inthesect，therewasanesotericminoritycalledperfecti，whoweresupposedtoobeythestrictrulesofanasceticethic；therestwereauditores，whofollowed，atadistance，thedoctrinesoftheperfectibutnottheirrules。ThechiefattractionofManicheismlayinthefactthatitappearedtoofferastraightforward，apparentlyprofoundandrationalsolutiontotheproblemofevil，bothinnatureandinhumanexperience。Cf。H。C。Puech，LeManicheisme，sonfondateur——sadoctrine(Paris，1949)；F。C。
Burkitt，TheReligionoftheManichees(Cambridge，1925)；andStevenRunciman，TheMedievalManichee(Cambridge，1947)。
[66]James1:17。
[67]Cf。Plotinus，Enneads，V，3:14。
[68]Cf。Luke15:16。
[69]Cf。Ovid，Metamorphoses，VII，219-224。
[70]ForthedetailsoftheManicheancosmogony，seeBurkitt，op。
cit。，ch。4。
[71]Prov。9:18。
[72]Cf。Prov。9:17；seealsoProv。9:13(Vulgatetext)。
[73]Cf。Enchiridion，IV。
[74]Cf。Matt。22:37-39。
[75]Cf。1John2:16。AndseealsoBk。X，Chs。XXX-XLI，foranelaborateanalysisofthem。
[76]Cf。Ex。20:3-8；Ps。144:9。InAugustine’sSermonIX，hepointsoutthatintheDecalogue_three_commandmentspertaintoGodand_seven_tomen。
[77]Acts9:5。
[78]AnexampleofthiswhichAugustinedoubtlesshadinmindisGod’scommandtoAbrahamtoofferuphissonIsaacasahumansacrifice。Cf。Gen。22:1，2。
[79]Electisancti。AnotherManicheantermfortheperfecti，theeliteand”perfect”amongthem。
[80]Ps。144:7。
[81]Dedocerememalaacdocerebona；atypicalAugustinianwordplay。
[82]Ps。50:14。
[83]Cf。John6:27。
[84]Ps。74:21。
[85]Cf。Ps。4:2。
[86]Theritesofthesoothsayers，inwhichanimalswerekilled，forauguriesandpropitiationofthegods。
[87]Cf。Hos。12:1。
[88]Ps。41:4。
[89]John5:14。
[90]Ps。51:17。
[91]Vindicianus；seebelow，Bk。VII，Ch。VI，8。
[92]James4:6；1Peter5:5。
[93]Rom。5:5。
[94]Cf。Ps。106:2。
[95]Cf。Ps。42:5；43:5。
[96]Ibid。
[97]Cf。Ovid，Tristia，IV，4:74。
[98]Cf。Horace，OdeI，3:8，wherehespeaksofVirgil，etservesanimaedimidiummeae。Augustine’smemorychangesthetextheretodimidiumanimaesuae。
[99]2Tim。4:3。
[100]Ps。119:142。
[101]Ps。80:3。
[102]Thatis，ourphysicaluniverse。
[103]Ps。19:5。
[104]John1:10。
[105]Depulchroetapto；alostessaywithnootherrecordsaveechoesintherestofAugustine’saesthetictheories。Cf。TheNatureoftheGoodAgainsttheManicheans，VIII-XV；CityofGod，XI，18；Deordine，I，7:18；II，19:51；Enchiridion，III，10；I，5。
[106]Eph。4:14。
[107]Ps。72:18。
[108]Ps。18:28。
[109]John1:16。
[110]John1:9。
[111]Cf。James1:17。
[112]Cf。James4:6；1Peter5:5。
[113]Ps。78:39。
[114]Cf。Jer。25:10；33:11；John3:29；Rev。18:23。
[115]Cf。Ps。51:8。
[116]ThefirstsectionoftheOrganon，whichanalyzestheproblemofpredicationanddevelops”thetencategories”ofessenceandthenine”accidents。”ThisexistedinaLatintranslationbyVictorinus，whoalsotranslatedtheEnneadsofPlotinus，towhichAugustinerefersinfra，Bk。VIII，Ch。II，3。
[117]Cf。Gen。3:18。
[118]Again，theProdigalSontheme；cf。Luke15:13。
[119]Cf。Ps。17:8。
[120]Ps。35:10。
[121]Cf。Ps。19:6。
[122]Cf。Rev。21:4。
[123]Cf。Ps。138:6。
[124]Ps。8:7。
[125]Heb。12:29。
[126]Anechooftheopeningsentence，Bk。I，Ch。I，1。
[127]Cf。1Cor。1:30。
[128]Cf。Matt。22:21。
[129]Cf。Rom。1:21ff。
[130]Cf。Rom。1:23。
[131]Cf。Rom。1:25。
[132]Wis。11:20。
[133]Cf。Job28:28。
[134]Eph。4:13，14。
[135]Ps。36:23(Vulgate)。
[136]Ps。142:5。
[137]Cf。Eph。2:15。
[138]Bk。I，Ch。XI，17。
[139]Cf。Ps。51:17。
[140]AconstantthemeinThePsalmsandelsewhere；cf。Ps。136。
[141]Cf。Ps。41:4。
[142]Cf。Ps141:3f。
[143]FollowersoftheskepticaltraditionestablishedinthePlatonicAcademybyArcesilausandCarneadesinthethirdcenturyB。C。Theytaughtthenecessityofsuspendedjudgmentinallquestionsoftruth，andwouldallownothingmorethantheconsentofprobability。ThistraditionwasknowninAugustine’stimechieflythroughthewritingsofCicero；cf。hisAcademica。ThiskindofskepticismshookAugustine’scomplacencyseverely，andhewroteoneofhisfirstdialogues，ContraAcademicos，inanefforttoclearuptheproblemposedthereby。
[144]TheManicheanswereunderanofficialbaninRome。
[145]Ps。139:22。
[146]Amixedfigurehere，puttogetherfromPs。4:7；45:7；
104:15；thephrasesobriamviniebrietatemisalmostcertainlyanechoofastanzaofoneofAmbrose’sownhymns，Splendorpaternaegloriae，whichAugustinehaddoubtlesslearnedinMilan:”Bibamussobriamebrietatemspiritus。”Cf。W。I。Merrill，LatinHymns(Boston，1904)，pp。4，5。
[147]Ps。119:155。
[148]Cf。2Cor。3:6。ThediscoveryoftheallegoricalmethodofinterpretationopenednewhorizonsforAugustineinBiblicalinterpretationandheadopteditasasettledprincipleinhissermonsandcommentaries；cf。M。Pontet，L’ExegesedeSaintAugustinpredicateur(Lyons，1946)。
[149]Cf。Ps。71:5。
[150]Cf。Ps。10:1。
[151]Cf。Luke7:11-17。
[152]Cf。John4:14。
[153]Rom。12:11。
[154]2Tim。2:15。
[155]Cf。Gen。1:26f。
[156]TheChurch。
[157]2Cor。3:6。
[158]AnotherreferencetotheAcademicdoctrineofsuspendium；
cf。Bk。V，Ch。X，19，andalsoEnchiridion，VII，20。
[159]Nisicrederentur，omninoinhacvitanihilageremus，whichshouldbesetalongsidethemorefamousnisicrederitis，nonintelligetis(Enchiridion，XIII，14)。ThisisthebasicassumptionofAugustine’swholeepistemology。SeeRobertE。
Cushman，”FaithandReasonintheThoughtofSt。Augustine，”inChurchHistory(XIX，4，1950)，pp。271-294。
[160]Cf。Heb。11:6。
[161]Cf。Plato，Politicus，273D。
[162]AlypiuswasmorethanAugustine’sclosefriend；hebecamebishopofTagasteandwasprominentinlocalChurchaffairsintheprovinceofAfrica。
[163]Prov。9:8。
[164]Luke16:10。
[165]Luke16:11，12。
[166]Cf。Ps。145:15。
[167]Herebeginsalongsoliloquywhichsumsuphisturmoiloverthepastdecadeandhispresentplightofconfusionandindecision。
[168]Cf。Wis。8:21(LXX)。
[169]Isa。28:15。
[170]Ecclus。3:26。
[171]Thenormalminimumlegalageformarriagewastwelve！Cf。
Justinian，Institutiones，I，10:22。
[172]Cf。Ps。33:11。
[173]Cf。Ps。145:15，16。
[174]Avariationon”restlessisourheartuntilitcomestofindrestinThee，”Bk。I，Ch。I，1。
[175]Isa。46:4。
[176]Thirtyyearsold；althoughtheterm”youth”(juventus)
normallyincludedtheyearstwentytoforty。
[177]Phantasmata，mentalconstructs，whichmaybeinternallycoherentbutcorrespondtonorealityoutsidethemind。
[178]EchoeshereofPlato’sTimaeusandPlotinus’Enneads，althoughwithnoefforttorecallthesourcesorelaboratetheontologicaltheory。
[179]Cf。thefamous”definition”ofGodinAnselm’sontologicalargument:”thatbeingthanwhomnogreatercanbeconceived。”Cf。
Proslogium，II-V。
[180]ThissimileisAugustine’sapparentlyoriginalimprovementonPlotinus’similarfigureofthenetinthesea；Enneads，IV，3:9。
[181]Gen。25:21to33:20。
[182]Cf。Job15:26(OldLatinversion)。
[183]Cf。Ps。103:9-14。
[184]James4:6。
[185]Cf。John1:14。
[186]Itisnotaltogetherclearastowhich”books”andwhich”Platonists”areherereferredto。Thesucceedinganalysisof”Platonism”doesnotresembleanysingleknowntextcloselyenoughtoallowforidentification。Themostreasonableconjecture，asmostauthoritiesagree，isthatthe”books”herementionedweretheEnneadsofPlotinus，whichMariusVictorinus(q。v。infra，Bk。
VIII，Ch。II，3-5)hadtranslatedintoLatinseveralyearsbefore；
cf。M。P。Garvey，St。Augustine:ChristianorNeo-Platonist(Milwaukee，1939)。ThereisalsoafairprobabilitythatAugustinehadacquiredsomeknowledgeoftheDidaskalikosofAlbinus；cf。R。E。Witt，AlbinusandtheHistoryofMiddlePlatonism(Cambridge，1937)。
[187]Cf。thismixedquotationofJohn1:1-10withtheFifthEnneadandnoteAugustine’sidentificationofLogos，intheFourthGospel，withNousinPlotinus。
[188]John1:11，12
[189]John1:13。
[190]John1:14。
[191]Phil。2:6。
[192]Phil。2:7-11。
[193]Rom。5:6；8:32。
[194]Luke10:21。
[195]Cf。Matt。11:28，29。
[196]Cf。Ps。25:9，18。
[197]Matt。11:29。
[198]Rom。1:21，22。
[199]Rom。1:23。
[200]AnechoofPorphyry’sDeabstinentiaabesuanimalium。
[201]TheallegoricalinterpretationoftheIsraelites’despoilingtheEgyptians(Ex。12:35，36)madeitrefertothelibertyofChristianthinkersinappropriatingwhateverwasgoodandtruefromthepaganphilosophersoftheGreco-Romanworld。ThiswasafavoritethemeofClementofAlexandriaandOrigenandwasquiteexplicitlydevelopedinOrigen’sEpistletoGregoryThaumaturgus(ANF，IX，pp。295，296)；cf。Augustine，OnChristianDoctrine，II，41-42。
[202]Cf。Acts17:28。
[203]Cf。Rom。1:25。
[204]Cf。Ps。39:11。
[205]SomeMSS。add”immovero”(”yea，verily”)，butnotthebestones；cf。DeLabriolle，op。cit。，I，p。162。
[206]Rom。1:20。
[207]Alocusclassicusofthedoctrineoftheprivativecharacterofevilandthepositivecharacterofthegood。ThisisafundamentalpremiseinAugustine’smetaphysics:itreappearsinBks。XII-XIII，intheEnchiridion，andelsewhere(seenote，infra，p。343)。Thisdoctrineofthegoodnessofallcreationistakenupintothescholasticmetaphysics；cf。Confessions，Bks。XII-
XIII，andThomasAquinas，Summacontragentes，II:45。
[208]Ps。148:7-12。
[209]Ps。148:1-5。
[210]”Theevilwhichovertakesushasitssourceinself-will，intheentryintothesphereofprocessandintheprimalassertionofthedesireforself-ownership”(Plotinus，Enneads，V，1:1)。
[211]”Wehavegoneweigheddownfrombeneath；thevisionisfrustrated”(Enneads，VI，9:4)。
[212]Rom。1:20。
[213]ThePlotinianNous。
[214]ThisisanastonishinglycandidandplainaccountofaPlotinianecstasy，thepilgrimageofthesoulfromitsabsorptioninthingstoitsrapturousbutmomentaryvisionoftheOne；cf。
especiallytheSixthEnnead，9:3-11，forverycloseparallelsinthoughtandechoesoflanguage。ThisisoneoftwoecstaticvisionsreportedintheConfessions；theotheris，ofcourse，thelastgreatmomentwithhismotheratOstia(Bk。IX，Ch。X，23-25)。
Onecomesbeforethe”conversion”intheMilanesegarden(Bk。
VIII，Ch。XII，28-29)；theother，after。Theyoughttobecomparedwithparticularinterestintheir_similarities_aswellastheirsignificantdifferences。Cf。alsoK。E。Kirk，TheVisionofGod(London，1932)，pp。319-346。
[215]1Tim。2:5。
[216]Rom。9:5。
[217]John14:6。
[218]AninterestingreminderthattheApollinarianheresywascondemnedbutnotextinct。
[219]ItisworthrememberingthatbothAugustineandAlypiuswerecatechumensandhadpresumablybeenreceivingdoctrinalinstructioninpreparationfortheireventualbaptismandfullmembershipintheCatholicChurch。Thattheirideasontheincarnation，atthisstage，wereinsuchconfusionraisesaninterestingproblem。
[220]Cf。Augustine’sTheChristianCombatasanexampleof”therefutationofheretics。”
[221]Cf。1Cor。11:19。
[222]Nonperitus，sedperiturusessem。
[223]Cf。1Cor。3:11f。
[224]Rom。7:22，23。
[225]Rom。7:24，25。
[226]Cf。Prov。8:22andCol。1:15。AugustineishereidentifyingthefigureofWisdominProverbswiththefigureoftheLogosintheProloguetotheFourthGospel。IntheAriancontroversyboththesereferencestoGod’sWisdomandWordas”created”causedgreatdifficultyfortheorthodox，fortheArianstriumphantlyappealedtothemasproofthatJesusChristwasa”creature”ofGod。ButAugustinewasaChalcedonianbeforeChalcedon，andthereisnodoubtthatheisherequotingfamiliarScriptureandfillingitwiththeinterpretationachievedbythelongstruggleoftheChurchtoaffirmthecoeternityandconsubstantialityofJesusChristandGodtheFather。
[227]Cf。Ps。62:1，2，5，6。
[228]Cf。Ps。91:13。
[229]Afigurethatcomparesthedangersofthesolitarytravelerinabandit-infestedlandandthesafetyofanimperialconvoyonamainhighwaytothecapitalcity。
[230]Cf。1Cor。15:9。
[231]Ps。35:10。
[232]Cf。Ps。116:16，17。
[233]Cf。Ps。8:1。
[234]1Cor。13:12。
[235]Matt。19:12。
[236]Rom。1:21。
[237]Job28:28。
[238]Prov。3:7。
[239]Rom。1:22。
[240]Col。2:8。
[241]Virgil，Aeneid，VIII，698。
[242]Ps。144:5。
[243]Luke15:4。
[244]Cf。Luke，ch。15。
[245]1Cor。1:27。
[246]AgarbledreferencetothestoryoftheconversionofSergiusPaulus，proconsulofCyprus，inActs13:4-12。
[247]2Tim。2:21。
[248]Gal。5:17。
[249]ThetexthereisatypicalexampleofAugustine’sloveofwordplayandassonance，asaconsciousliterarydevice:tuaecaritatimedederequammeaecupiditaticedere；sedilludplacebatetvincebat，hoclibebatetvinciebat。
[250]Eph。5:14。
[251]Rom。7:22-25。
[252]Thelastobstaclesthatremained。HisintellectualdifficultieshadbeenclearedawayandtheintentiontobecomeaChristianhadbecomestrong。Butincontinenceandimmersioninhiscareerweretoofirmlyfixedinhabittobeovercomebyanactofconsciousresolution。
[253]Treves，animportantimperialtownontheMoselle；theemperorreferredtoherewasprobablyGratian。Cf。E。A。Freeman，”AugustaTrevororum，”intheBritishQuarterlyReview(1875)，62，pp。1-45。
[254]Agentesinrebus，governmentagentswhosedutiesrangedfrompostalinspectionandtaxcollectiontoespionageandsecretpolicework。Theywereubiquitousandgenerallydreadedbythepopulace；cf。J。S。Reid，”ReorganizationoftheEmpire，”inCambridgeMedievalHistory，Vol。I，pp。36-38。
[255]Theinnercircleofimperialadvisers；usuallyratherinformallyappointedandusuallywithprecarioustenure。
[256]Cf。Luke14:28-33。
[257]Eph。5:8。
[258]Cf。Ps。34:5。
[259]Cf。Ps。6:3；79:8。
[260]ThisisthefamousTolle，lege；tolle，lege。
[261]DoubtlessfromPonticianus，intheirearlierconversation。
[262]Matt。19:21。
[263]Rom。13:13。
[264]NotetheparallelsheretotheconversionofAnthonyandtheagentesinrebus。
[265]Rom。14:1。
[266]Eph。3:20。
[267]Ps。116:16，17。
[268]Animperialholidayseason，fromlateAugusttothemiddleofOctober。
[269]Cf。Ps。46:10。
[270]Hissubsequentbaptism；seebelow，Ch。VI。
[271]Luke14:14。
[272]Ps。125:3。
[273]TheheresyofDocetism，oneoftheearliestandmostpersistentofallChristologicalerrors。
[274]Cf。Ps。27:8。
[275]ThegroupincludedMonica，Adeodatus(Augustine’sfifteen-
year-oldson)，Navigius(Augustine’sbrother)，RusticusandFastidianus(relatives)，Alypius，Trygetius，andLicentius(formerpupils)。
[276]AsomewhatobliqueacknowledgmentofthefactthatnoneoftheCassiciacumdialogueshasanydistinctiveorsubstantialChristiancontentThishasoftenbeenpointedtoasevidencethatAugustine’sconversionthusfarhadbroughthimnofartherthantoakindofChristianPlatonism；cf。P。Alfaric，L’EvolutionintellectuelledeSaintAugustin(Paris，1918)。
[277]ThedialogueswrittenduringthisstayatCassiciacum:
ContraAcademicos，Debeatavita，Deordine，Soliloquia。See，inthisseries，Vol。VI，pp。17-63，foranEnglishtranslationoftheSoliloquies。
[278]Cf。EpistlesIIandIII。
[279]Asymbolicreferencetothe”cedarsofLebanon”；cf。Isa。
2:12-14；Ps。29:5。
[280]ThereisperhapsaremoteconnectionherewithLuke10:18-
20。
[281]EversincethetimeofIgnatiusofAntiochwhoreferredtotheEucharistas”themedicineofimmortality，”thishadbeenapopularmetaphortorefertothesacraments；cf。Ignatius，Ephesians20:2。
[282]Herefollows(8-11)abriefdevotionalcommentaryonPs。4。
[283]John7:39。
[284]Idipsum——theonenessandimmutabilityofGod。
[285]Cf。v。9。
[286]1Cor。15:54。
[287]ConcerningtheTeacher；cf。Vol。VIofthisseries，pp。64-
101。
[288]ThiswasapparentlythefirstintroductionintotheWestofantiphonalchanting，whichwasalreadywidespreadintheEast。
Ambrosebroughtitin；Gregorybroughtittoperfection。
[289]Cf。S。ofSol。1:3，4。
[290]Cf。Isa。40:6；1Peter1:24:”Allfleshisgrass。”SeeBk。
XI，Ch。II，3。
[291]Ecclus。19:1。
[292]1Tim。5:9。
[293]Phil。3:13。
[294]Cf。1Cor。2:9。
[295]Ps。36:9。
[296]Idipsum。
[297]Cf。thisreportofa”Christianecstasy”withthePlotinianecstasyrecountedinBk。VII，Ch。XVII，23，above。
[298]Cf。Wis。7:21-30；seeespeciallyv。27:”Andbeingbutone，she[Wisdom]candoallthings:andremaininginherselfthesame，shemakesallthingsnew。”
[299]Matt。25:21。
[300]1Cor。15:51。
[301]Navigius，whohadjoinedtheminMilan，butaboutwhomAugustineiscuriouslysilentsaveforthebriefandunrevealingreferencesinDebeatavita-，I，6，toII，7，andDeordine，I，2-
3。
[302]A。D。387。
[303]Necomninomoriebatur。IsthisanechoofHorace’sfamousmemorialode，Exegimonumentumaereperennius……nonomnismoriar？Cf。Odes，BookIII，OdeXXX。
[304]1Tim。1:5。
[305]Cf。thispassage，asAugustinedoubtlessintended，withthestoryofhismorbidandimmoderategriefatthedeathofhisboyhoodfriend，above，Bk。IV，Chs。IV，9，toVII，12。
[306]Ps。101:1。
[307]Ps。68:5。
[308]SirTobieMatthew(adapted)。ForAugustine’sownanalysisofthescansionandstructureofthishymn，seeDemusica，VI，2:2-3；forabriefcommentaryontheLatintext，seeA。S。Walpole，EarlyLatinHymns(Cambridge，1922)，pp。44-49。
[309]1Cor。15:22。
[310]Matt。5:22。
[311]2Cor。10:17。
[312]Rom。8:34。
[313]Cf。Matt。6:12。
[314]Ps。143:2。
[315]Matt。5:7。
[316]Cf。Rom。9:15。
[317]Ps。119:108。
[318]Cf。1Cor。13:12。
[319]Eph。5:27。
[320]Ps。51:6。
[321]John3:21。
[322]1Cor。2:11。
[323]1Cor。13:7。
[324]Ps。32:1。
[325]Ps。144:7，8。
[326]Cf。Rev。8:3-5。”AndthesmokeoftheincensewiththeprayersofthesaintswentupbeforeGodoutoftheangel’shand”
(v。4)。
[327]1Cor。2:11。
[328]1Cor。13:12。
[329]Isa。58:10。
[330]Rom。1:20。
[331]Cf。Rom。9:15。
[332]Oneofthepre-Socratic”physiologer。”Cf。Cicero’sOntheNatureoftheGods(alikelysourceforAugustine’sknowledgeofearlyGreekphilosophy)，I，10:”AfterAnaximandercomesAnaximenes，whotaughtthattheairisGod……”
[333]AnimportanttextforAugustine’sconceptionofsensationandtherelationofbodyandmind。Cf。OnMusic，VI，5:10；TheMagnitudeoftheSoul，25:48；OntheTrinity，XII，2:2；seealsoF。Coplestone，AHistoryofPhilosophy(London，1950)，II，51-60，andE。Gilson，Introductional’etudedeSaintAugustin，pp。74-
87。
[334]Rom。1:20。
[335]Readingvidenti(withDeLabriolle)insteadofvident(asinSkutella)。
[336]Ps。32:9。
[337]Thenotionofthesoul’simmediateself-knowledgeisabasicconceptioninAugustine’spsychologyandepistemology；cf。therefutationofskepticism，Sifallor，suminOnFreeWill，II，3:7；
seealsotheCityofGod，XI，26。
[338]Again，themind-bodydualismtypicaloftheAugustiniantradition。Cf。E。Gilson，TheSpiritofMedievalPhilosophy(CharlesScribner’sSons，NewYork，1940)，pp。173-188；andE。
Gilson，ThePhilosophyofSaintBonaventure(Sheed&Ward，NewYork，1938)，ch。XI。
[339]Luke15:8。
[340]Cf。Isa。55:3。
[341]Cf。theearlydialogue”OntheHappyLife”inVol。IofTheFathersoftheChurch(NewYork，1948)。
[342]Gal。5:17。
[343]Ps。42:11。
[344]Cf。Enchiridion，VI，19ff。
[345]Whenheisknownatall，GodisknownastheSelf-evident。
Thisis，ofcourse，notadoctrineofinnateideasbutratherofthenecessity，andreality，ofdivineilluminationasthedynamicsourceofallourknowledgeofdivinereality。Cf。Coplestone，op。cit。，ch。IV，andCushman，op。cit。
[346]Cf。Wis。8:21。
[347]Cf。Enneads，VI，9:4。
[348]1John2:16。
[349]Eph。3:20。
[350]1Cor。15:54。
[351]Cf。Matt。6:34。
[352]1Cor。9:27。
[353]Cf。Luke21:34。
[354]Cf。Wis。8:21。
[355]Ecclus。18:30。
[356]1Cor。8:8。
[357]Phil。4:11-13。
[358]Ps。103:14。
[359]Cf。Gen。3:19。
[360]Luke15:24。
[361]Ecclus。23:6。
[362]Titus1:15。
[363]Rom。14:20。
[364]1Tim。4:4。
[365]1Cor。8:8。
[366]Cf。Col。2:16。
[367]Rom。14:3。
[368]Luke5:8。
[369]John16:33。
[370]Cf。Ps。139:16。
[371]Cf。theevidenceforAugustine’sinterestandproficiencyinmusicinhisessayDemusica，writtenadecadeearlier。
[372]Cf。2Cor。5:2。
[373]Cf。Tobit，chs。2to4。
[374]Gen。27:1；cf。Augustine’sSermonIV，20:21f。
[375]Cf。Gen。，ch。48。
[376]Again，Ambrose，Deus，creatoromnium，anobviousfavoriteofAugustine’s。Seeabove，Bk。IX，Ch。XII，32。
[377]Ps。25:15。
[378]Ps。121:4。
[379]Ps。26:3。
[380]1John2:16。
[381]Cf。Ps。103:3-5。
[382]Cf。Matt。11:30。
[383]1Peter5:5。
[384]Cf。Ps。18:7，13。
[385]Cf。Isa。14:12-14。
[386]Cf。Prov。27:21。
[387]Cf。Ps。19:12。
[388]Cf。Ps。141:5。
[389]Ps。109:22。
[390]Ps。31:22。
[391]Cf。theparableofthePhariseeandthePublican，Luke18:9-
14。
[392]Cf。Eph。2:2。
[393]2Cor。11:14。
[394]Rom。6:23。
[395]1Tim。2:5。
[396]Cf。Rom。8:32。
[397]Phil。2:6-8。
[398]Cf。Ps。88:5；seePs。87:6(Vulgate)。
[399]Ps。103:3。
[400]Cf。Rom。8:34。
[401]John1:14。
[402]2Cor。5:15。
[403]Ps。119:18。
[404]Col。2:3。
[405]Cf。Ps。21:27(Vulgate)。
[406]IntheveryfirstsentenceofConfessions，Bk。I，Ch。I。
HerewehaveabasicandrecurrentmotifoftheConfessionsfrombeginningtoend:thecelebrationandpraiseofthegreatnessandgoodnessofGod——CreatorandRedeemer。TherepetitionofithereconnectsthisconcludingsectionoftheConfessions，Bks。XI-
XIII，withtheprecedingpart。
[407]Matt。6:8。
[408]The”virtues”oftheBeatitudes，therewardforwhichisblessedness；cf。Matt。5:1-11。
[409]Ps。118:1；cf。Ps。136。
[410]Aninterestingsymboloftime’sceaselesspassage；thereferenceistoawaterclock(clepsydra)。
[411]Cf。Ps。130:1，Deprofundis。
[412]Ps。74:16。
[413]ThismetaphorisprobablyfromPs。29:9。
[414]Arepetitionofthemetaphorabove，Bk。IX，Ch。VII，16。
[415]Ps。26:7。
[416]Ps。119:18。
[417]Cf。Matt。6:33。
[418]Col。2:3。
[419]Augustinewasprofoundlystirred，inmindandheart，bythegreatmysteryofcreationandtheScripturaltestimonyaboutit。
Inadditiontothislongandinvolvedanalysisoftimeandcreationwhichfollowshere，hereturnedtothestoryinGenesisrepeatedly:e。g。，DeGenesicontraManicheos；DeGenesiadlitteram，liberimperfectus(bothwritten_before_theConfessions)；DeGenesiadlitteram，libriXIIandDecivitateDei，XI-XII
(bothwritten_after_theConfessions)。
[420]Thefinaltestoftruth，forAugustine，isself-evidenceandthefinalsourceoftruthistheindwellingLogos。
[421]Cf。thenotionofcreationinPlato’sTimaeus(29D-30C；48E-
50C)，inwhichtheDemiurgos(craftsman)fashionstheuniversefrompre-existentmatterandimposesasmuchformastheReceptaclewillreceive。Thenotionoftheworldfashionedfrompre-existentmatterofsomesortwasauniversalideainGreco-
Romancosmology。
[422]Cf。Ps。33:9。
[423]Matt。3:17。
[424]Cf。theVulgateofJohn8:25。
[425]Cf。Augustine’semphasisonChristastrueTeacherinDeMagistro。
[426]Cf。John3:29。
[427]Cf。Ps。103:4，5(mixedtext)。
[428]Ps。104:24。
[429]Plenivetustatissuae。InSermonCCLXVII，2(PL38，c。
1230)，Augustinehasasimilarusage。Speakingofthosewhopournewwineintooldcontainers，hesays:Carnalitasvetustasest，gratianovitasest，”Carnalityistheoldnature；graceisthenew”；cf。Matt。9:17。
[430]ThenotionoftheeternityofthisworldwaswidelyheldinGreekphilosophy，indifferentversions，andwasincorporatedintotheManicheanrejectionoftheChristiandoctrineofcreatioexnihilowhichAugustineiscitinghere。Hereturnstothequestion，andhisanswertoit，againinDecivitateDei，XI，4-8。
[431]Theunstable”heart”ofthosewhoconfusetimeandeternity。
[432]Cf。Ps。102:27。
[433]Ps。2:7。
[434]Spatium，whichmeansextensioneitherinspaceortime。
[435]Thebreakinglightandtheimageoftherisingsun。
[436]Cf。Ps。139:6。
[437]Memoria，contuitus，andexpectatio:apatternthatcorrespondsvaguelytothemovementofAugustine’sthoughtintheConfessions:fromdirectexperiencebacktothesupportingmemoriesandforwardtotheoutreachofhopeandconfidenceinGod’sprovidentgrace。
[438]Cf。Ps。116:10。
[439]Cf。Matt。25:21，23。
[440]Communesnotitias，theuniversalprinciplesof”commonsense。”Thisideabecameabasiccategoryinscholasticepistemology。
[441]Gen。1:14。
[442]Cf。Josh。10:12-14。
[443]Cf。Ps。18:28。
[444]Cubitum，literallythedistancebetweentheelbowandthetipofthemiddlefinger；intheimperialsystemofweightsandmeasuresitwas17。5inches。
[445]Distentionem，”spread-out-ness”；cf。Descartes’notionofresextensae，anditsrelationtotime。
[446]Ps。100:3。
[447]HereAugustinebeginstosummarizehisownanswerstothequestionshehasraisedinhisanalysisoftime。
[448]ThesamehymnofAmbrosequotedabove，Bk。IX，Ch。XII，39，andanalyzedagaininDemusica，VI，2:2。
[449]Thistheoryoftimeisworthcomparingwithitsmostnotablerestatementinmodernpoetry，inT。S。Eliot’sFourQuartetsandespecially”BurntNorton。”
[450]Ps。63:3。
[451]Cf。Phil。3:12-14。
[452]Cf。Ps。31:10。
[453]NoteherethepreparationforthetransitionfromthisanalysisoftimeinBk。XItotheexplorationofthemysteryofcreationinBks。XIIandXIII。
[454]Celsitudo，anhonorifictitle，somewhatlike”YourHighness。”
[455]Rom。8:31。
[456]Matt。7:7，8。
[457]Vulgate，Ps。113:16(cf。Ps。115:16，K。J。；seealsoPs。
148:4，bothVulgateandK。J。):Caelumcaelidomino，etc。
AugustinefindsadistinctionhereforwhichtheHebrewtextgivesnowarrant。TheHebrewisatypicalnominalsentenceandmeanssimply”TheheavensaretheheavensofYahweh”；cf。theSoncinoeditionofThePsalms，editedbyA。Cohen；cf。alsoR。S。V。，Ps。
115:16。TheLXXreadingseemstorestonavariantHebrewtext。
Thisidiomaticconstructiondoesnotmean”theheavensoftheheavens”(asitistooliterallytranslatedintheLXX)，butrather”highestheaven。”Thisisafamiliarway，inHebrew，ofemphasizingasuperlative(e。g。，”Kingofkings，””Songofsongs”)。Thesingularthingcanbedescribedsuperlativelyonlyintermsofitself！
[458]Earthandsky。
[459]ItisinterestingthatAugustineshouldhavepreferredtheinvisibilisetincompositaoftheOldLatinversionofGen。1:2
overtheinanisetvacuaoftheVulgate，whichwassurelyaccessibletohim。Sincethisistobeakeyphraseinthesucceedingexegesisthisreadingcanhardlyhavebeenthecasualcitationoftheoldandfamiliarversion。IsitpossiblethatAugustinemayhavehadthesensibilitiesandassociationsofhisreadersinmind——formanyofthemmayhavenotknownJerome’sversionor，atleast，notverywell？
[460]Abyssus，literally，theunplumbeddepthsofthesea，andasaconstantmeaninghere，”thedepthsbeyondmeasure。”
[461]Gen。1:2。
[462]AugustinemaynothaveknownthePlatonicdoctrineofnonbeing(cf。Sophist，236C-237B)，butheclearlyisdeeplyinfluencedherebyPlotinus；cf。Enneads，II，4:8f。，wherematterisanalyzedasasubstratumwithoutquantityorquality；and4:15:”Matter，then，mustbedescribedastoapeiron(theindefinite)……Matterisindeterminatenessandnothingelse。”Inshort，materiainformisissheerpossibility；notanythingandnotnothing！
[463]Dictare:wasAugustinedictatinghisConfessions？Itisveryprobable。
[464]Visibilesetcompositas，theoppositeof”invisibleandunformed。”
[465]Isa。6:3；Rev。4:8。
[466]Denihilo。
[467]Trinaunitas。
[468]Cf。Gen。1:6。
[469]Constatetnonconstat，thecreatedearthreallyexistsbutneverisself-sufficient。
[470]Moses。
[471]Ps。42:3，10。
[472]Cor。13:12。
[473]Cf。Ecclus。1:4。
[474]2Cor。5:21。
[475]Cf。Gal。4:26。
[476]2Cor。5:1。
[477]Cf。Ps。26:8。
[478]Ps。119:176。
[479]To”thehouseofGod。”
[480]Cf。Ps。28:1。
[481]Cubile，i。e。，theheart。
[482]Cf。Rom。8:26。
[483]TheheavenlyJerusalemofGal。4:26，whichhadbecomeafavoriteChristiansymbolofthepeaceandblessednessofheaven；
cf。thevariousversionsofthehymn”Jerusalem，MyHappyHome”inJulian’sDictionaryofHymnology，pp。580-583。TheoriginaltextisfoundintheLibermeditationum，erroneouslyascribedtoAugustinehimself。
[484]Cf。2Tim。2:14。
[485]1Tim。1:5。
[486]ThisisthebasisofAugustine’sdefenseofallegoryasbothlegitimateandprofitableintheinterpretationofScripture。HedidnotmeanthatthereisapluralityofliteraltruthsinScripturebutamultiplicityofperspectivesontruthwhichamountedtodifferentlevelsandinterpretationsoftruth。ThisgaveAugustinethebasisforapositivetoleranceofvaryinginterpretationswhichdidholdfasttotheessentialcommonpremisesaboutGod’sprimacyasCreator；cf。M。Pontet，L’ExegesedeSaintAugustinpredicateur(Lyons，1944)，chs。IIandIII。
[487]Inthischapter，AugustinesummarizeswhathetakestobetheChristianconsensusonthequestionshehasexploredabouttherelationoftheintellectualandcorporealcreations。
[488]Cf。1Cor。8:6。
[489]Molemundi。
[490]Cf。Col。1:16。
[491]Gen。1:9。
[492]NotehowthisreiteratesaconstantthemeintheConfessionsasawhole；afurtherindicationthatBk。XIIisanintegralpartofthesinglewhole。
[493]Cf。Deliberoarbitrio，II，8:20，10:28。
[494]Cf。John8:44。
[495]TheessentialthesisoftheDeMagistro；ithasimportantimplicationsbothforAugustine’sepistemologyandforhistheoryofChristiannurture；cf。theDecatechizandisrudibus。
[496]1Cor。4:6。
[497]Cf。Deut。6:5；Lev。19:18；seealsoMatt。22:37，39。
[498]Cf。Rom。9:21。
[499]Cf。Ps。8:4。
[500]”InthebeginningGodcreated，”etc。
[501]AnechoofJob39:13-16。
[502]Thethicketdenizensmentionedabove。
[503]Cf。Ps。143:10。
[504]Somethingofanunderstatement！ItisinterestingtonotethatAugustinedevotesmoretimeandspacetotheseopeningversesofGenesisthantoanyotherpassageintheentireBible——andhenevercommentedonthe_full_textofGenesis。Cf。KarlBarth’s274pagesdevotedtoGen。，chs。1；2，intheKirchlicheDogmatik，III，I，pp。103-377。
[505]Transition，inpreparationfortheconcludingbook(XIII)，whichundertakesaconstructiveresolutiontotheproblemoftheanalysisofthemodeofcreationmadehereinBk。XII。
[506]Thisisacompound——anduntranslatable——Latinpun:nequeutsictecolamquasiterram，utsisuncultussinontecolam。
[507]Cf。Enneads，I，2:4:”Whatthesoulnowsees，itcertainlyalwayspossessed，butaslyinginthedarkness……Todispelthedarknessandthuscometoknowledgeofitsinnercontent，itmustthrusttowardthelight。”ComparethenotionsoftheinitiativeofsuchmovementsinthesoulinPlotinusandAugustine。
[508]Cf。2Cor。5:21。
[509]Cf。Ps。36:6andseealsoAugustine’sExpositiononthePsalms，XXXVI，8，wherehesaysthat”thegreatpreachers[receiversofGod’sillumination]arethemountainsofGod，”fortheyfirstcatchthelightontheirsummits。Theabysshecalled”thedepthofsin”intowhichtheevilandunfaithfulfall。
[510]Cf。Timaeus，29D-30A，”He[theDemiurge-Creator]wasgood:
andinthegoodnojealousy……caneverarise。So，beingwithoutjealousy，hedesiredthatallthingsshouldcomeasnearaspossibletobeinglikehimself……Hetookoverallthatisvisible……andbroughtitfromordertoorder，sincehejudgedthatorderwasineverywaybetter”(F。M。Cornford，Plato’sCosmology，NewYork，1937，p。33)。Cf。Enneads，V，4:1，andAthanasius，OntheIncarnation，III，3。
[511]Cf。Gen。1:2。
[512]Cf。Ps。36:9。
[513]InthispassageinGenesisonthecreation。
[514]Cf。Gen。1:6。
[515]Rom。5:5。
[516]1Cor。12:1。
[517]Cf。Eph。3:14，19。
[518]Cf。theOldLatinversionofPs。123:5。
[519]Cf。Eph。5:8。
[520]Cf。Ps。31:20。
[521]Cf。Ps。9:13。
[522]TheHolySpirit。
[523]Canticumgraduum。Psalms119to133asnumberedintheVulgatewereregardedasasingleseriesofascendingstepsbywhichthesoulmovesuptowardheaven；cf。TheExpositiononthePsalms，loc。cit。
[524]Tonguesoffire，symbolofthedescentoftheHolySpirit；
cf。Acts2:3，4。
[525]Cf。Ps。122:6。
[526]Ps。122:1。
[527]Cf。Ps。23:6。
[528]Gen。1:3。
[529]John1:9。
[530]Cf。thedetailedanalogyfromselftoTrinityinDeTrinitate，IX-XII。
[531]I。e。，theChurch。
[532]Cf。Ps。39:11。
[533]Ps。36:6。
[534]Gen。1:3andMatt。4:17；3:2。
[535]Cf。Ps。42:5，6。
[536]Cf。Eph。5:8。
[537]Ps。42:7。
[538]Cf。1Cor。3:1。
[539]Cf。Phil。3:13。
[540]Cf。Ps。42:1。
[541]Ps。42:2。
[542]Cf。2Cor。5:1-4。
[543]Rom。12:2。
[544]1Cor。14:20。
[545]Gal。3:1。
[546]Eph。4:8，9。
[547]Cf。Ps。46:4。
[548]Cf。John3:29。
[549]Cf。Rom。8:23。
[550]I。e。，theBodyofChrist。
[551]1John3:2。
[552]Ps。42:3。
[553]Cf。Ps。42:4。
[554]Ps。43:5。
[555]Cf。Ps。119:105。
[556]Cf。Rom。8:10。
[557]Cf。S。ofSol。2:17。
[558]Cf。Ps。5:3。
[559]Ps。43:5。
[560]Cf。Rom。8:11。
[561]1Thess。5:5。
[562]Cf。Gen。1:5。
[563]Cf。Rom。9:21。
[564]Isa。34:4。
[565]Cf。Gen。3:21。
[566]Ps。8:3。
[567]”Theheavens，”i。e。theScriptures。
[568]Cf。Ps。8:2。
[569]Legunt，eligunt，diligunt。
[570]Ps。36:5。
[571]Cf。Matt。24:35。
[572]Cf。Isa。40:6-8。
[573]Cf。1John3:2。
[574]Retia，literally”anet”；suchasthoseusedbyretiarii，thegladiatorswhousednetstoentangletheiropponents。
[575]Cf。S。ofSol。1:3，4。
[576]1John3:2。
[577]Cf。Ps。63:1。
[578]Ps。36:9。
[579]Amaricantes，afigurewhichAugustinedevelopsbothintheExpositionofthePsalmsandTheCityofGod。CommentingonPs。
65，Augustinesays:”Forthesea，byafigure，isusedtoindicatethisworld，withitsbittersaltinessandtroubledstorms，wheremenwithperverseanddepravedappetiteshavebecomelikefishesdevouringoneanother。”InTheCityofGod，hespeaksofthebitternessoflifeinthecivitasterrena；cf。XIX，5。
[580]Cf。Ps。95:5。
[581]Cf。Gen。1:10f。
[582]Inthisway，Augustineseesananalogybetweenthegoodearthbearingitsfruitsandtheethical”fruit-bearing”oftheChristianloveofneighbor。
[583]Cf。Ps。85:11。
[584]Cf。Gen。1:14。
[585]Cf。Isa。58:7。
[586]Cf。Phil。2:15。
[587]Cf。Gen。1:19。
[588]Cf。2Cor。5:17。
[589]Cf。Rom。13:11，12。
[590]Ps。65:11。
[591]Forthiswholepassage，cf。theparalleldevelopedherewith1Cor。12:7-11。
[592]Inprincipiodiei，anobviousechototheVulgateutpraessetdieiofGen。1:16。Cf。GibbandMontgomery，p。424(seeBibl。)，foracommentoninprincipiodieiandinprincipionoctis，below。
[593]Sacramenta；butcf。Augustine’sdiscussionofsacramentaintheOldTestamentintheExpositionofthePsalms，LXXIV，2:”ThesacramentsoftheOldTestamentpromisedaSaviour；thesacramentsoftheNewTestamentgivesalvation。”
[594]Cf。1Cor。3:1；2:6。
[595]Isa。1:16。
[596]Isa。1:17。
[597]Isa。1:18。
[598]Cf。forthissyntaxis，Matt。19:16-22andEx。20:13-16。
[599]Cf。Matt。6:21。
[600]I。e。，therichyoungruler。
[601]Cf。Matt。13:7。
[602]Cf。Matt。97Readinghere，withKnollandtheSessorianus，infirmamentomundi。
[603]Cf。Isa。52:7。
[604]Perfectorum。Isthisaconscioususe，inaChristiancontext，ofthedistinctionhehadknownsowellamongtheManicheans——betweentheperfectiandtheauditores？
[605]Ps。19:2。
[606]Cf。Acts2:2，3。
[607]Cf。Matt。5:14，15。
[608]Cf。Gen。1:20。
[609]Cf。Jer。15:19。
[610]Ps。19:4。
[611]Thatis，theChurch。
[612]AnallegoricalidealtypeoftheperfectiintheChurch。
[613]1Cor。14:22。
[614]ThefishwasanearlyChristianrebusfor”JesusChrist。”
TheGreekwordforfish，wasarrangedacrosticallytomakethephraseJesusChrist，God？sSon，Saviour；cf。SmithandCheetham，DictionaryofChristianAntiquities，pp。673f。；seealsoCabrol，Dictionnaired’archeologiechretienne，Vol。14，cols。1246-1252，forafullaccountofthesymbolismandpicturesofearlyexamples。
[615]Cf。Ps。69:32。
[616]Cf。Rom。12:2。
[617]Cf。1Tim。6:20。
[618]Gal。4:12。
[619]Cf。Ecclus。3:19。
[620]Rom。1:20。
[621]Rom。12:2。
[622]Gen。1:26。
[623]Rom。12:2(mixedtext)。
[624]Cf。1Cor。2:15。
[625]1Cor。2:14。
[626]Cf。Ps。49:20。
[627]Cf。James4:11。
[628]Seeabove，Ch。XXI，30。
[629]I。e。，theChurch。
[630]Cf。1Cor。14:16。
[631]Anotherreminderthat，ideally，knowledgeisimmediateanddirect。
[632]Here，again，asinacoda，Augustinerestateshiscentralthemeandmotifinthewholeofhis”confessions”:theprimacyofGod，Hisconstantcreativity，hismysterious，unwearied，unfrustratedredemptivelove。AllaresummedupinthismysteryofcreationinwhichthepurposesofGodareannouncedandfromwhichallChristianhopetakesitspremise。
[633]Thatis，frombasicandessentiallysimpleideas，theyproliferatemultiple——andvalid——implicationsandcorollaries。
[634]Cf。Rom。3:4。
[635]Cf。Gen。1:29，30。
[636]Cf。2Tim。1:16。
[637]2Tim。4:16。
[638]Cf。Ps。19:4。
[639]Phil。4:10(mixedtext)。
[640]Phil。4:11-13。
[641]Phil。4:14。
[642]Phil。4:15-17。
[643]Phil。4:17。，[644]Cf。Matt。10:41，42。
[645]Idiotae:thereissomeevidencethatthistermwasusedtodesignatepaganswhohadanominalconnectionwiththeChristiancommunitybuthadnotformallyenrolledascatechumens。SeeTh。
ZahninNeuekirklicheZeitschrift(1899)，pp。42-43。
[646]Gen。1:31。
[647]AreferencetotheManicheancosmogonyandsimilardualisticdoctrinesof”creation。”
[648]1Cor。2:11，12。
[649]Rom。5:5。
[650]Sedquodest，est。NotethevarianttextinSkutella，op。
cit。:sedest，est。ThisisobviouslyanechooftheVulgateEx。
3:14:egosumquisum。
[651]Augustinehimselfhadmisgivingsaboutthispassage。IntheRetractations，hesaysthatthisstatementwasmade”withoutdueconsideration。”Buthethenadds，withgreatjustice:”However，thepointinquestionisveryobscure”(resauteminabditoestvalde)；cf。Retract。，2:6。
[652]Seeabove，amaricantes，Ch。XVII，20。
[653]Cf。thisrequiescamusintewiththerequiescatinteinBk。
I，Ch。I。
[654]Cf。TheCityofGod，XI，10，onAugustine’snotionthattheworldexistsasathoughtinthemindofGod。
[655]AnotherconsciousconnectionbetweenBk。XIIIandBks。I-X。
[656]ThisfinalendingisanantiphontoBk。XII，Ch。I，1above。