第14章

49。Palgrave，RotuliCuriaeRegis，ii。192。

50。PlacitorumAbbrev。25，29；Note-book，pl。88。(ThefatheriscalledAilfricusinthePleaRollDiversterms2John，2d。，attheRecordOffice。)

51。Bract。Note-book，pl。88。

52。Case70：’ConsideratumestquodterraillaestuilenagiumipsiusHugonis(corr。Johannis)，etquodsiMartinusuolueritterramtenerefaciatconsuetudinesquaspatersuusfecit，sinautemcapiatterramsuaminmanumsuam。’

53。MarginalremarkintheNote-booktopl。70：’Notaquodliberhomopotestfacereuillanasconsuetudinesracionetenementiuillanisetpropterhocnonerituillanus，quiapotestrelinqueretenementum。’Comp。MrMaitland’snotetothecase。

54。Bracton，f199b：’Undevideturperhoc，quodlicetliberhomoteneatvillenagiumpervillanasconsuetudines，contravoluntatemsuamejicinondebet，dumtamenfacerevolueritconsuetudinesquaepertinentadvillenagium，etquaepraestanturrationevillenagii，etnonrationepersonae。’

55。Cf。Blackstone’scharacteristicofcopyholds：’Butitistheveryconditionofthetenureinquestionthatthelandsbeholdenonlysolongasthestipulatedserviceisperformed，quamdiuvelintetpossintfaceredebitumservitiumetsolveredebitaspensiones。’(LawTracts，ii。153。)

Bract。Note-book，pl。1103：’EtideoconsideratumestquodWillelmusconuictusestdeuilenagioetsifacereuolueritpredictasconsuetudinesteneatillambouatamterrepereasdemconsuetudines，sinautemfaciatBartholomeusdeterraetdeipsoWillelmouoluntatemsuamutdeuillanosuoeteiliberaturCf。MrMaitland’snote。

58。Ishouldliketodrawattentiontoonemorecasewhichcompletesthepicturefromanotherside。Bract。Notebook，pl。

784：’SymondeT。petitversusAdamdeH。etThomamP。quodfacianteiconsuetudinesetrectaseruiciaqueeifaceredebentdetenementoquoddeeotenentinuillenagioinT。Etipsiueniuntetcognoscuntquoduillanisunt。EtSymonconcediteisquodteneanttenementasuafaciendoindeseruiciaquaepertinentaduillenagium，itatamenquodnondentplusinauxiliumadfestumSt。Mich。necperannumquamduodecimdenariosscilicetquilibetipsorumethocnominetallagii。’——Thewritofcustomsandserviceswasoutofplacebetweenlordandvillain。Theusualcoursewasdistraint。Thecaseisclearlyoneofprivilegedvillainage，butitiswelltonotethatalthoughtheservicesareinonerespectcertain，thepersonsremainunfree。

Bract。Note-book，pl。63：’DicuntquodidemW。nullumhabuitliberumtenementumquiaipseuillanusfuitetfecitomnimodauilenagiaquianonpotuitfiliamsuammaritarenecbouemsuumuendere。1819。R。deM。posuitseinmagnamassisamDom。Reg。IncomitatudeconsuetudinibusetseruiciisqueTh。B。petituersuseum，undeidemTh。exigebatabeodemR。quodreddereteideuillenagioperannum19den。etaruramtriumdierumetmessuramtriumdierum。etgersumamprofiliasuamaritandaetunamgallinamadNataleettotouaadPaschaettallagiumetquodsitprepositussuus。Setquiaillasuntserviliaetaduillenagiumspectanciaetnonadliberumtenementum，consideratumestquodmagnaassisanoniacetintereos，setfiatinquisicioperxii，’

Bract。Note-book，281：’EtPriordicitquodinpartebenerecordantursetinparteparumdicuntquiaiuratoresdixeruntquoddebuitdarexii。denprofiliasuamaritanda，etdebuitpluresaliasconsuetudinesetpetieruntrespectumutassensumhaberepossentadominoRobertodeLexintonautrumhocessetliberumtenementumexquosciuntquiddebuitfacereetquidnonetnullumrespectumhaberepotuerunt。’

63。Example-Bract。Note-book，pl。1887。Fitzherbert，Abr。Villen。

38(13Ed。I)：’QuiapredictusJ。nullamprobacionemproducitnequesectametcognoscitquodilleestinseisina。depatrepredictiW。quempotuitproduxisseadprobacionem，consideratumestquodpredictiW。etR。liberimaneant。’

64。Bracton，f。199。Thejurycameinonlybyconsentoftheparties。

65。Britton，i。207；Fitzherbert，Abr。Villen。37。

66。CourtRollsofHaveringatteBower，Essex，Augment。Off。

Rolls，xiv。38。(Curia-dieJovisproximaantefestumSt。

BartholomaeiApostoliannor。r。RicardiII，21mo。)

’Inquisicio。dicit。quodnonestaliquishomonatiuusdesanguineingressusfeodumdomini，setdicuntquodestquidamJohannesShillyllgquiSepiusdictusfueratnatiuus。EtdicuntultraquodqnidamJohannesShillyngpaterpredictiJohannisfuitalienigenaetquodpredictusJohannesShillyngquodadeorumcognitionemestliberetliberecondicionisetnonnatiuus。’

Fitzherbert，l。c。：’Eceissufuittriepargentsdepaiisoulemanerestenemiouilnasquistpartoutslesjustices。’

isverygoodonallthesepoints。Howell，StateTrials，xx。38，39。

Bracton，f6，andonmanyotheroccasions。

Co。Lit。137，b。Cf。KingHenryI’swritinfavouroftheMonasteryofAbingdon。Bigelow，PlacitaAnglo-Normannica，96：

’faciashabereF。abbatiomneshominessuosquideterrasuaexieruntpropterherberiamcuriemee。’HenryIIputsittheotherway，p220……’Nisisuntindominiomeo。’

74。AmostcuriouspleadingbasedontheconceptionsofGlanvilleoccursinaCor。Regecaseof10HenryIII，whichwaspointedouttomebyF。Maitland。SeeApp。IV。MrYorkPowellsuggeststhatthelimitationmayhaveoriginatedinthefact，thatinearlytimesamancouldnomoregiveawayaslavefromhisfamilyestatewithouttheconsentofthefamilythanhecouldgiveawaytheestateitselforpartofit。Therewasnoreasonforsuchlimitationinthecaseofaslavethathadbeenboughtwithone’sprivatemoney。Hencethenecessityofsellingaslaveinordertoemancipatehim。Theconjectureseemsaveryprobableone，butthequestionremains，howsuchancientpracticecouldhaveleftatraceinthefeudalperiod。Theexplanationinthetextmaypossiblyaccountforthetenacityofthenotion。

75。Note-book，pl。31，343。

76。Bracton，f。194，195。Bracton’stexthasbeenrenderedalmostunintelligibleherebythecarelesspunctuationofhiseditors，andSirTraversTwiss’translationisaswrongandmisleadingasusual。IwilljustgivethepassageinaccordancewiththereadingofDigby，222(BodleianLibr。)，whichisthebestofalltheMSS。Ihaveseen：’Quiaestoquodseruusuelitmanumittietcumnichilhabeatpropriumeligatfidemalicuiusquieumematquasiprodenariissuis，pertalememptionemnonconsequituremptusaliquamlibertatemnisitantumquodmutatdominum。Inreemptainprimissoluidebetpretium，posteasequiturtraditiorei：soluiturhicpretiumpronatiuo，setnullasubsequiturtraditio，sedsempermanetinuillenagioquoprius。Sitenementumadquirattenendumlibereetheresmanumissorisuelaliussuccessoreumeiciat，sipetatperassisametheresopponatuillenagium，etvillanusreplicetdemanumissioneetemptione，herestriplicarepoterit，quodimperfectafuitemptiosiuemanumissioeoquodnunquaminuitauenditorissubsecutafuittraditio，etitatalissemperremanebitsubpotestateheredis。’

77。Notebook，pl。1749：’Iudicatumestquodlibersitquantumadheredemmanumittentisetnonquantumadalios，quodiudiciumnonestuerum。’

AncientDemesneTheoldlawbooksmentiononekindofvillainagewhichstandsoutinmarkedcontrastwiththeotherspeciesofserviletenure。

ThepeasantsbelongingtomanorswhichwerevestedinthecrownatthetimeoftheConquestfollowalawoftheirown。Barringcertainexceptions，ofwhichmorewillbesaidpresently，theyenjoyacertaintyofconditionprotectedbylaw。Theyarepersonallyfree，andalthoughholdinginvillainage，nobodyhastherighttodeprivethemoftheirlands，ortoaltertheconditionofthetenure，byincreasingorchangingtheservices。

Bractoncallstheirconditiononeofprivilegedvillainage，becausetheirservicesarebasebutcertain，andbecausetheyareprotectednotbytheusualremediessuppliedatcommonlawtofreetenants，butbypeculiarwritswhichenforcethecustomofthemanor。(1*)Itseemswellworththewhiletocarefullyinvestigatethiscuriouscasewithaviewtogetatthereasonsofanotabledeviationfromthegeneralcourse，forsuchinvestigationmaythrowsomereflectedlightonthetreatmentofvillainageinthecommonlaw。

Legalpracticeisveryexplicitastothelimitationofancientdemesneintimeandspace。ItiscomposedofthemanorswhichbelongedtothecrownatthetimeoftheConquest。(2*)Thisincludesmanorswhichhadbeengivenawaysubsequently，andexcludessuchashadlapsedtothekingaftertheConquestbyescheatorforfeiture。(3*)PossessionsgrantedawaybySaxonkingsbeforetheConquestareequallyexcluded。(4*)InordertoascertainwhatthesemanorswerethecourtsrevertedtotheDomesdaydescriptionofTerraRegis。Asaruletheselandswereenteredascrownlands，T。R。E。andT。R。W。，thatis，wereconsideredtohavebeeninthehandofKingEdwardin1066，andinthehandofKingWilliamin1086。ButstrictlyandlegallytheywerecrownlandsatthemomentwhenKingWilliam’sclaiminured，ortousethecontemporaryphrase，’onthedaywhenKingEdwardwasaliveanddead。’TheimportantpointevidentlywasthattheNormanking’srightinthiscasebridgedovertheConquest，andforthisreasonsuchpossessionsareoftensimplysaidtohavebeenroyaldemesneinthetimeofEdwardtheConfessor。ThislegalviewiswellillustratedbyadecisionoftheKing’sCouncil，quotedbyBelknap，ChiefJusticeoftheCommonPleas，in1375。ItwasheldthatthemanorofTottenham，althoughgrantedbyWilliamtheConquerortotheEarlofChesterbeforethecompilationofDomesday，wasancientdemesne，ashavingbeeninthehandsbothofSt。EdwardandoftheConqueror。(5*)Andso1066andnot1086isthedecisiveyearforthelegalformationofthisclassofmanors。(6*)

Inmanyrespectsthepositionofthepeasantryinancientdemesneisnearlyalliedtothatofmenholdinginvillainageatcommonlaw。Theyperformallkindsofagriculturalservicesandaresubjecttodutiesquiteanalogoustothosewhichprevailinotherplaces；wemayfindontheseancientmanorsalmostalltheincidentsofservilecustom。Sometimesveryharshformsofdistressareusedagainstthetenants；(7*)forfeiturefornon-performanceofservicesandnon-paymentsofrentswasalwaysimpending，inmarkedcontrastwiththeconsideratetreatmentoffreetenantryinsuchcases。(8*)Weoftencomeacrosssuchbasecustomsasthepaymentofmerchetinconnexionwiththe’villainsocmen’ofancientdemesne。(9*)Andsuchinstanceswouldaffordampleproofofthefactthattheirstatushasbranchedofffromthesamestemasvillainage，ifsuchproofwereotherwiseneeded。

Thesideofprivilegeisnotlessconspicuous。Theindicationsgivenbythelawbooksmustbelargelysupplementedfromplearollsandcharters。Thespecialfavourshowntothepopulationonsoilofancientdemesneextendsmuchfurtherthanaregulationofmanorialdutieswouldimply，itresolvesitselftoalargeextentintoanexemptionfrompublicburdens。Theking’smanoristreatedasafranchiseisolatedfromthesurroundinghundredandshire，itstenantsarenotboundtoattendthecountycourtorthehundredmoot，(10*)theyarenotassessedwiththerestfordanegeldorcommonamercementsorthemurderfine，(11*)