第11章

Butsomemayaskwhenitispropertopunish，andwhentopardon。Thisisapointmoreeasilyfeltthatprescribed。Whenthereisdangerintheexerciseofclemency，itisvisible；nothingsoeasyastodistinguishitfromthatimbecilitywhichexposesprincestocontemptandtotheveryincapacityofpunishing。

TheEmperorMauricemadearesolutionnevertospillthebloodofhissubjects。Anastasius[64]punishednocrimesatall。IsaacAngelustookanoaththatnooneshouldbeputtodeathduringhisreign。ThoseGreekemperorsforgotthatitwasnotfornothingtheywereentrustedwiththesword。

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1。InMazulipatamitcouldneverbefoundoutthattherewassuchathingasawrittenlaw。SeetheCollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iv。，partI，p。391。TheIndiansareregulatedintheirdecisionsbycertaincustoms。TheVedanandsuchbooksdonotcontaincivillaws，butreligiousprecepts。SeeEdifyingLetters，coll。xiv。

2。C？sar，Cromwell，andmanyothers。

3。Nonliquet。

4。Quasactionesnepopulusproutvelletinstitueret，certassolemnesqueessevoluerunt——Dig。deOrig。Jur。，ii，§6。

5。InFranceaperson，thoughsuedformorethanheowes，loseshiscostsifhehasnotofferedtopaytheexactdebt。

6。DiscourseonthefirstdecadeofLivy，i。7。

7。ThisiswellexplainedinCicero’sorationProC？cina，towardstheend，100。

8。ThiswasthelawatAthens，asappearsbyDemosthenes。Socratesrefusedtomakeuseofit。

9。Demosthenes，ProCorona，p。494，Frankfort，1604。

10。SeePhilostratus，LivesoftheSophists，i。Lifeof？schines。

11。Platodoesnotthinkitrightthatkings，who，ashesays，arepriests，shouldpresideattrialswherepeoplearecondemnedtodeath，toexile，ortoimprisonment。

12。SeetheaccountofthetrialoftheDukedelaValette。ItisprintedintheMemoirsofMontresor，ii，p。62。

13。Itwasafterwardsrevoked。Seethesameaccount，ii。p。236。Itwasordinarilyarightofthepeeragethatapeercriminallyaccusedshouldbejudgedbytheking，asFrancisIIinthetrialofthePrinceofCondé，andCharlesVIIinthecaseoftheDucd’Alen？on。To—day，thepresenceofthekingatthetrialofapeer，inordertocondemnhimwouldseemanactoftyranny。——Voltaire。

14。Annals，xi。5。

15。Ibid。，xiii。4。

16。Histories，v。

17。ThesamedisorderhappenedunderTheodosiustheyounger。

18。SecretHistory。

19。SeeLeg。2，§24，Dig。ff。deorig。jur。

20。Quodpaterpuellceabesset，locuminjuriaesseratus。——Livy，dec。

I，iii。44。

21。Andinagreatmanyothercities。

22。SeeinTacitustherewardsgiventothoseinformers。——Annals，i。

30。

23。Bookix。

24。IshallshowhereafterthatChinais，inthisrespect，inthesamecaseasarepublicoramonarchy。

25。Suppose，forinstance，topreventtheexecutionofadecree，thecommonpeoplepaidafineoffortysous，andthenobilityofsixtylivres。——SommeRurale，ii，p。198，ed。Goth。1512；andBeaumanoir，61，p。309。

26。SeetheCouncilofPeterDefontaines，13，especiallyart。22。

27。ItwasmadebyValeriusPublicolasoonaftertheexpulsionofthekings，andwastwicerenewed，bothtimesbymagistratesofthesamefamily。AsLivyobserves，x，9，thequestionwasnottogiveitagreaterforce，buttorenderitsinjunctionsmoreperfect。"Diligentiussanctum，"saysLivy，ibid。

28。LexPorciaprotergociviumlata。Itwasmadeinthe454thyearofthefoundationofRome。

29。Nihilultraquamimprobefactumadjecet——Livy，loc。cit。

30。Theyslithisnoseorcutoffhisears。

31。Xenophon，Hist。，iii。8，§§20—22。

32。OfThoseWhoAreIntrustedwiththeDirectionoftheStateAffairs，14。

33。SeeKempfer。

34。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，iii，partI，p。428。

35。Letthisbeobservedasamaximinpractice，withregardtocaseswherethemindsofpeoplehavebeendepravedbytoogreataseverityofpunishments。

36。CollectionofVoyagesthatContributedtotheEstablishmentoftheEastIndiaCompany，v，p。2。

37。Ibid。

38。Theguiltywerecondemnedtoafine；theycouldnotbeadmittedintotherankofsenators，nornominatedtoanypublicoffice。——Dio，xxxvi。

21。

39。Ibid。

40。Booki。28。

41。Wefindtherethepunishmentoffire，andgenerallycapitalpunishments，theftpunishedwithdeath，&c。

42。Sulla，animatedwiththesamespiritasthedecemvirs，followedtheirexampleinaugmentingthepenallawsagainstsatiricalwriters。

43。Booki，28。

44。Poenasfacinorumauxit，cumlocupleteseofaciliusscelereseobligarent，quodintegrispatrimoniisexularent。——SuetoniusinLifeofJuliusC？sar，162。

45。SeetheLeg。3，§legis，adleg。Cornel，desicariis，andavastnumberofothersintheDigestandintheCodex。

46。Sublimiores。

47。Medios。

48。Infirnos。Leg。3，§legis，adleg。Cornel，desicariis。

49。Jul。Cap。，Maximiniduo，8。

50。Chapter17。

51。Hist。ofNicephorus，patriarchofConstantinople。

52。InNicephorus’History。

53。FatherDuHalde，i，p。6。

54。PresentStateofRussia，Perry。

55。TheEnglish。

56。ThecitizensofAthenscouldnotbeputtotherack（Lysias，Orat。

contraAgorat。）unlessitwasforhightreason。Thetorturewasusedwithinthirtydaysaftercondemnation。（CuriusFortunatus。Rhetor，scol。，ii。）Therewasnopreparatorytorture。InregardtotheRomans，theLeg。3，4，adleg。Jul。majest。，showthatbirth，dignity，andthemilitaryprofessionexemptedpeoplefromtherack，exceptincasesofhightreason。SeetheprudentrestrictionsofthispracticemadebythelawsoftheVisigoths。

57。SeeKempfer。

58。ItisestablishedintheKoran。Seethechapter，OftheCow。

59。Simembrumrupit，nicumeopacit，talioesto。AulusGellius，xx。i。

60。Ibid。

61。SeealsotheLawoftheVisigoths，vi，tit。4，§§3，5。

62。SeeGarcilasso，HistoryoftheCivilWarsoftheSpaniardsintheWestIndies。

63。"Insteadofpunishingthem，"saysPlato，"theyoughttobecommendedfornothavingfollowedtheirfathers’example。"——Laws，ix。

64。FragmentofSuidas，inConstantinePorphyrogenitus。

BookVII。ConsequencesoftheDifferentPrinciplesoftheThreeGovernmentswithRespecttoSumptuaryLaws，Luxury，andtheConditionofWomen1。OfLuxury。Luxuryiseverinproportiontotheinequalityoffortunes。Iftherichesofastateareequallydividedtherewillbenoluxury；foritisfoundedmerelyontheconveniencesacquiredbythelabourofothers。

Inordertohavethisequaldistributionofriches，thelawoughttogivetoeachmanonlywhatisnecessaryfornature。Iftheyexceedthesebounds，somewillspend，andotherswillacquire，bywhichmeansaninequalitywillbeestablished。

Supposingwhatisnecessaryforthesupportofnaturetobeequaltoagivensum，theluxuryofthosewhohaveonlywhatisbarelynecessarywillbeequaltoacipher：ifapersonhappenstohavedoublethatsum，hisluxurywillbeequaltoone；hethathasdoublethelatter’ssubstancewillhavealuxuryequaltothree；ifthisbestilldoubled，therewillbealuxuryequaltoseven；sothatthepropertyofthesubsequentindividualbeingalwayssupposeddoubletothatofthepreceding，theluxurywillincreasedouble，andaunitbealwaysadded，inthisprogression，0，1，3，7，15，31，63，127

InPlato’srepublic，[1]luxurymighthavebeenexactlycalculated。Therewerefoursortsofcensusesorratesofestates。Thefirstwasexactlythetermbeyondpoverty，thesecondwasdouble，thethirdtriple，thefourthquadrupletothefirst。Inthefirstcensus，luxurywasequaltoacipher；inthesecondtoone，inthethirdtotwo，inthefourthtothree：andthusitfollowedinanarithmeticalproportion。

Consideringtheluxuryofdifferentnationswithrespecttooneanother，itisineachstateacompoundproportiontotheinequalityoffortunesamongthesubjects，andtotheinequalityofwealthindifferentstates。

InPoland，forexample，thereisanextremeinequalityoffortunes，butthepovertyofthewholebindersthemfromhavingsomuchluxuryasinamoreopulentgovernment。

Luxuryisalsoinproportiontothepopulousnessofthetowns，andespeciallyofthecapital；sothatitisinacompoundproportiontotherichesofthestate，totheinequalityofprivatefortunes，andtothenumberofpeoplesettledinparticularplaces。

Inproportiontothepopulousnessoftowns，theinhabitantsarefilledwithnotionsofvanity，andactuatedbyanambitionofdistinguishingthemselvesbytrifles。[2]Iftheyareverynumerous，andmostofthemstrangerstooneanother，theirvanityredoubles，becausetherearegreaterhopesofsuccess。Asluxuryinspiresthesehopes，eachmanassumesthemarksofasuperiorcondition。Butbyendeavouringthusatdistinction，everyonebecomesequal，anddistinctionceases；asallaredesirousofrespect，nobodyisregarded。

Hencearisesageneralinconvenience。Thosewhoexcelinaprofessionsetwhatvaluetheypleaseontheirlabour；thisexampleisfollowedbypeopleofinferiorabilities，andthenthereisanendofallproportionbetweenourwantsandthemeansofsatisfyingthem。WhenIamforcedtogotolaw，Imustbeabletofeecounsel；whenIamsick，Imusthaveitinmypowertofeeaphysician。

Itistheopinionofseveralthattheassemblageofsogreatamultitudeofpeopleincapitalcitiesisanobstructiontocommerce，becausetheinhabitantsarenolongerataproperdistancefromeachother。ButI

cannotthinkso；formenhavemoredesires，morewants，morefancies，whentheylivetogether。

2。OfsumptuaryLawsinaDemocracy。Wehaveobservedthatinarepublic，whererichesareequallydivided，therecanbenosuchthingasluxury；andaswehaveshowninthe5thBook[3]thatthisequaldistributionconstitutestheexcellenceofarepublicangovernment；

henceitfollows，thatthelessluxurythereisinarepublic，themoreitisperfect。TherewasnoneamongtheoldRomans，noneamongtheLaced？monians；andinrepublicswherethisequalityisnotquitelost，thespiritofcommerce，industry，andvirtuerenderseverymanableandwillingtoliveonhisownproperty，andconsequentlypreventsthegrowthofluxury。

Thelawsconcerningthenewdivisionoflands，insisteduponsoeagerlyinsomerepublics，wereofthemostsalutarynature。Theyaredangerous，onlyastheyaresudden。Byreducinginstantlythewealthofsome，andincreasingthatofothers，theyformarevolutionineachfamily，andmustproduceageneraloneinthestate。

Inproportionasluxurygainsgroundinarepublic，themindsofthepeopleareturnedtowardstheirparticularinterests。Thosewhoareallowedonlywhatisnecessaryhavenothingbuttheirownreputationandtheircountry’sgloryinview。Butasouldepravedbyluxuryhasmanyotherdesires，andsoonbecomesanenemytothelawsthatconfineit。

TheluxuryinwhichthegarrisonofRhegiumbegantolivewasthecauseoftheirmassacringtheinhabitants。

NosoonerweretheRomanscorruptedthantheirdesiresbecameboundlessandimmense。Ofthiswemayjudgebythepricetheysetonthings。A

pitcherofFalernianwine[4]wassoldforahundredRomandenarii；abarrelofsaltmeatfromthekingdomofPontuscostfourhundred；agoodcookfourtalents；andforboys，nopricewasreckonedtoogreat。Whenthewholeworld，impelledbytheforceofcorruption，isimmersedinvoluptuousness[5]whatmustthenbecomeofvirtue？

3。OfsumptuaryLawsinanAristocracy。Thereisthisinconvenienceinanill—constitutedaristocracy，thatthewealthcentresinthenobility，andyettheyarenotallowedtospend；forasluxuryiscontrarytothespiritofmoderation，itmustbebanishedthence。Thisgovernmentcomprehends，therefore，onlypeoplewhoareextremelypoorandcannotacquire，andpeoplewhoarevastlyrichandcannotspend。

InVenice，theyarecompelledbythelawstomoderation。Theyaresohabituatedtoparsimonythatnonebutcourtesanscanmakethempartwiththeirmoney。Suchisthemethodmadeuseofforthesupportofindustry；

themostcontemptibleofwomenmaybeprofusewithoutdanger，whilstthosewhocontributetotheirextravaganceconsumetheirdaysinthegreatestobscurity。

AdmirableinthisrespectweretheinstitutionsoftheprincipalrepublicsofGreece。Therichemployedtheirmoneyinfestivals，musicalchoruses，chariots，horse—races，andchargeableoffices。Wealthwas，therefore，asburdensomethereaspoverty。

4。OfsumptuaryLawsinaMonarchy。Tacitussays[6]thattheSuiones，aGermannation，hasaparticularrespectforriches；forwhichreasontheyliveunderthegovernmentofoneperson。Thisshowsthatluxuryisextremelyproperformonarchies，andthatunderthisgovernmenttheremustbenosumptuarylaws。

Asriches，bytheveryconstitutionofmonarchies，areunequallydivided，thereisanabsolutenecessityforluxury。Weretherichnottobelavish，thepoorwouldstarve。Itisevennecessaryherethattheexpensesoftheopulentshouldbeinproportiontotheinequalityoffortunes，andthatluxury，aswehavealreadyobserved，shouldincreaseinthisproportion。Theaugmentationofprivatewealthisowingtoitshavingdeprivedonepartofthecitizensoftheirnecessarysupport；

thismustthereforeberestoredtothem。

Henceitisthatforthepreservationofamonarchicalstate，luxuryoughtcontinuallytoincrease，andtogrowmoreextensive，asitrisesfromthelabourertotheartificer，tothemerchant，tothemagistrate，tothenobility，tothegreatofficersofstate，uptotheveryprince；

otherwisethenationwillbeundone。

InthereignofAugustus，aproposalwasmadeintheRomansenate，whichwascomposedofgravemagistrates，learnedcivilians，andofmenwhoseheadswerefilledwiththenotionoftheprimitivetimes，toreformthemannersandluxuryofwomen。ItiscurioustoseeinDio，[7]withwhatartthisprinceeludedtheimportunatesolicitationsofthosesenators。

Thiswasbecausehewasfoundingamonarchy，anddissolvingarepublic。

UnderTiberius，the？dilesproposedinthesenatethere—establishmentoftheancientsumptuarylaws。[8]Thisprince，whodidnotwantsense，opposedit。"Thestate，"saidhe，"couldnotpossiblysubsistinthepresentsituationofthings。HowcouldRome，howcouldtheprovinces，live？Wewerefrugal，whilewewereonlymastersofonecity；nowweconsumetherichesofthewholeglobe，andemployboththemastersandtheirslavesinourservice。"Heplainlysawthatsumptuarylawswouldnotsuitthepresentformofgovernment。

Whenaproposalwasmadeunderthesameemperortothesenate，toprohibitthegovernorsfromcarryingtheirwiveswiththemintotheprovinces，becauseofthedissolutenessandirregularitywhichfollowedthoseladies，theproposalwasrejected。Itwassaidthattheexamplesofancientausterityhadbeenchangedintoamoreagreeablemethodofliving。[9]Theyfoundtherewasanecessityfordifferentmanners。

Luxuryisthereforeabsolutelynecessaryinmonarchies；asitisalsoindespoticstates。Intheformer，itistheuseofliberty；inthelatter，itistheabuseofservitude。Aslaveappointedbyhismastertotyranniseoverotherwretchesofthesamecondition，uncertainofenjoyingtomorrowtheblessingsofto—day，hasnootherfelicitythanthatofgluttingthepride，thepassions，andvoluptuousnessofthepresentmoment。

Hencearisesaverynaturalreflection。Republicsendwithluxury；

monarchieswithpoverty。[10]

5。InwhatCasessumptuaryLawsareusefulinaMonarchy。Whetheritwasfromarepublicanspirit，orfrom。someotherparticularcircumstance，sumptuarylawsweremadeinAragon，inthemiddleofthethirteenthcentury。JamestheFirstordainedthatneitherthekingnoranyofhissubjectsshouldhaveabovetwosortsofdishesatameal，andthateachdishshouldbedressedonlyoneway，exceptitweregameoftheirownkilling。[11]

Inourdays，sumptuarylawshavebeenalsoenactedinSweden；butwithadifferentviewfromthoseofAragon。

Agovernmentmaymakesumptuarylawswithaviewtoabsolutefrugality；

thisisthespiritofsumptuarylawsinrepublics；andtheverynatureofthethingshowsthatsuchwasthedesignofthoseofAragon。

Sumptuarylawsmaylikewisebeestablishedwithadesigntopromotearelativefrugality：whenagovernment，perceivingthatforeignmerchandise，beingattoohighaprice，willrequiresuchanexportationofhomemanufacturesastodeprivethemofmoreadvantagesbythelossofthelatterthantheycanreceivefromthepossessionoftheformer，theywillforbidtheirbeingintroduced。AndthisisthespiritofthelawswhichinourdayshavebeenpassedinSweden。[12]Sucharethesumptuarylawsproperformonarchies。

Ingeneral，thepoorerastate，themoreitisruinedbyitsrelativeluxury；andconsequentlythemoreoccasionithasforrelativesumptuarylaws。Thericherastate，themoreitthrivesbyitsrelativeluxury；

forwhichreasonitmusttakeparticularcarenottomakeanyrelativesumptuarylaws。Thisweshallbetterexplaininthebookoncommerce；[13]herewetreatonlyofabsoluteluxury。

6。OftheLuxuryofChina。Sumptuarylawsmay，insomegovernments，benecessaryforparticularreasons。Thepeople，bytheinfluenceoftheclimate，maygrowsonumerous，andthemeansofsubsistingmaybesouncertain，astorenderauniversalapplicationtoagricultureextremelynecessary。Asluxuryinthosecountriesisdangerous，theirsumptuarylawsshouldbeverysevere。Inorder，therefore，tobeabletojudgewhetherluxuryoughttobeencouragedorproscribed，weshouldexaminefirstwhatrelationthereisbetweenthenumberofpeopleandthefacilitytheyhaveofprocuringsubsistence。InEnglandthesoilproducesmoregrainthanisnecessaryforthemaintenanceofsuchascultivatetheland，andofthosewhoareemployedinthewoollenmanufactures。Thiscountrymaybethereforeallowedtohavesometriflingarts，andconsequentlyluxury。InFrance，likewise，thereiscornenoughforthesupportofthehusbandmanandofthemanufacturer。

Besides，aforeigntrademaybringinsomanynecessariesinreturnfortoysthatthereisnodangertobeapprehendedfromluxury。

Onthecontrary，inChina，thewomenaresoprolific，andthehuma。nspeciesmultipliessofast，thatthelands，thoughneversomuchcultivated，arescarcelysufficienttosupporttheinhabitants。Here，therefore，luxuryispernicious，andthespiritofindustryandeconomyisasrequisiteasinanyrepublic。[14]Theyareobligedtopursuethenecessaryarts，andtoshunthoseotluxuryandpleasure。

ThisisthespiritoftheexcellentdecreesoftheChineseemperors。

"Ourancestors，"saysanemperorofthefamilyoftheTangs[15]"helditasamaximthatiftherewasamanwhodidnotwork，orawomanthatwasidle，somebodymustsuffercoldorhungerintheempire。"AndonthisprincipleheorderedavastnumberofthemonasteriesofBonzestobedestroyed。

Thethirdemperoroftheone—and—twentiethdynasty，[16]towhomsomepreciousstoneswerebroughtthathadbeenfoundinamine，orderedittobeshutup，notchoosingtofatiguehispeoplewithworkingforathingthatcouldneitherfeednorclothethem。

"Sogreatisourluxury，"saysKiayventi，[17]"thatpeopleadornwithembroiderytheshoesofboysandgirls，whomtheyareobligedtosell。"

Isemployingsomanypeopleinmakingclothesforonepersonthewaytopreventagreatmanyfromwantingclothes？Therearetenmenwhoeatthefruitsoftheearthtooneemployedinagriculture；andisthisthemeansofpreservingnumbersfromwantingnourishment？

7。FatalConsequenceofLuxuryinChina。InthehistoryofChinawefindithashadtwenty—twosuccessivedynasties，thatis，ithasexperiencedtwenty—twogeneral，withoutmentioningaprodigiousnumberofparticular，revolutions。Thefirstthreedynastieslastedalongtime，becausetheywerewiselyadministered，andtheempirehadnotsogreatanextentasitafterwardsobtained。Butwemayobserveingeneralthatallthosedynastiesbeganverywell。Virtue，attention，andvigilancearenecessaryinChina；theseprevailedinthecommencementofthedynasties，andfailedintheend。Itwasnaturalthatemperorstrainedupinmilitarytoil，whohadcompassedthedethroningofafamilyimmersedinpleasure，shouldadheretovirtue，whichtheyhadfoundsoadvantageous，andbeafraidofvoluptuousness，whichtheyknewhadprovedsofataltothefamilydethroned。Butafterthethreeorfourfirstprinces，corruption，luxury，indolence，andpleasurepossessedtheirsuccessors；theyshutthemselvesupinapalace；theirunderstandingwasimpaired；theirlifewasshortened；thefamilydeclined；thegrandeesroseup；theeunuchsgainedcredit；nonebutchildrenweresetonthethrone；thepalacewasatvariancewiththeempire；alazysetofpeoplethatdweltthereruinedtheindustriouspartofthenation；theemperorwaskilledordestroyedbyausurper，whofoundedafamily，thethirdorfourthsuccessorofwhichwentandshuthimselfupintheverysamepalace。

8。OfpublicContinency。Somanyaretheimperfectionsthatattendthelossofvirtueinwomen，andsogreatlyaretheirmindsdepravedwhenthisprincipalguardisremoved，thatinapopularstatepublicincontinencymaybeconsideredasthelastofmiseries，andasacertainforerunnerofachangeintheconstitution。

Henceitisthatthesagelegislatorsofrepublicanstateshaveeverrequiredofwomenaparticulargravityofmanners。Theyhaveproscribednotonlyvice，buttheveryappearanceofit。Theyhavebanishedevenallcommerceofgallantry——acommercethatproducesidleness，thatrendersthewomencorrupters，evenbeforetheyarecorrupted，thatgivesavaluetotrifles，anddebasesthingsofimportance：acommerce，infine，thatmakespeopleactentirelybythemaximsofridicule，inwhichthewomenaresoperfectlyskilled。

9。OftheConditionorStateofWomenindifferentGovernments。Inmonarchieswomenaresubjecttoverylittlerestraint，becauseasthedistinctionofrankscallsthemtocourt，theretheyassumeaspiritofliberty，whichisalmosttheonlyonetoleratedinthatplace。Eachcourtieravailshimselfoftheircharmsandpassions，inordertoadvancehisfortune：andastheirweaknessadmitsnotofpride，butofvanity，luxuryconstantlyattendsthem。

Indespoticgovernmentswomendonotintroduce，butarethemselvesanobjectof，luxury。Theymustbeinastateofthemostrigorousservitude。Everyonefollowsthespiritofthegovernment，andadoptsinhisownfamilythecustomsheseeselsewhereestablished。Asthelawsareverysevereandexecutedonthespot，theyareafraidlestthelibertyofwomenshouldexposethemtodanger。Theirquarrels，indiscretions，repugnancies，jealousies，piques，andthatart，infine，whichlittlesoulshaveofinterestinggreatones，wouldbeattendedtherewithfatalconsequences。

Besides，asprincesinthosecountriesmakeasportofhumannature，theyallowthemselvesamultitudeofwomen；andathousandconsiderationsobligethemtokeepthosewomenincloseconfinement。

Inrepublicswomenarefreebythelawsandrestrainedbymanners；

luxuryisbanishedthence，andwithitcorruptionandvice。

InthecitiesofGreece，wheretheywerenotundertherestraintofareligionwhichdeclaresthatevenamongstmenregularityofmannersisapartofvirtue；whereablindpassiontriumphedwithaboundlessinsolence，andloveappearedonlyinashapewhichwedarenotmention，whilemarriagewasconsideredasnothingmorethansimplefriendship；[18]suchwasthevirtue，simplicity，andchastityofwomeninthosecities，thatinthisrespecthardlyanypeoplewereeverknowntohavehadabetterandwiserpolity。[19]

10。OfthedomesticTribunalamongtheRomans。TheRomanshadnoparticularmagistrates，liketheGreeks，toinspecttheconductofwomen。Thecensorshadnotaneyeoverthem，asovertherestoftherepublic。