第19章
SaiththeLord:"BecausethouhastsetthineheartastheheartofGod；
behold，thereforeIwillbringstrangersuponthee，theterribleofthenations:andtheyshalldrawtheirswordsagainstthebeautyofthywisdom，andtheyshalldefilethybrightness。Theyshallbringtheedowntothepit。""Iwilldestroythee，Ocoveringcherub，fromthemidstofthestonesoffire……Iwillcasttheetotheground，Iwilllaytheebeforekings，thattheymaybeholdthee……Iwillbringtheetoashesupontheearthinthesightofallthemthatbeholdthee……Thoushaltbeaterror，andnevershaltthoubeanymore。"Ezekiel28:6-8，16-19。
"Everybattleofthewarrioriswithconfusednoise，andgarmentsrolledinblood；butthisshallbewithburningandfueloffire。""TheindignationoftheLordisuponallnations，andHisfuryuponalltheirarmies:Hehathutterlydestroyedthem，Hehathdeliveredthemtotheslaughter。""UponthewickedHeshallrainquickburningcoals，fireandbrimstoneandanhorribletempest:thisshallbetheportionoftheircup。"Isaiah9:5；34:2；Psalm11:6，margin。FirecomesdownfromGodoutofheaven。Theearthisbrokenup。Theweaponsconcealedinitsdepthsaredrawnforth。Devouringflamesburstfromeveryyawningchasm。Theveryrocksareonfire。Thedayhascomethatshallburnasanoven。Theelementsmeltwithferventheat，theearthalso，andtheworksthatarethereinareburnedup。Malachi4:1；2Peter3:10。Theearth’ssurfaceseemsonemoltenmass——avast，seething673
lakeoffire。Itisthetimeofthejudgmentandperditionofungodlymen——"thedayoftheLord’svengeance，andtheyearofrecompensesforthecontroversyofZion。"Isaiah34:8。
Thewickedreceivetheirrecompenseintheearth。Proverbs11:31。They"shallbestubble:andthedaythatcomethshallburnthemup，saiththeLordofhosts。"Malachi4:1。Somearedestroyedasinamoment，whileotherssuffermanydays。Allarepunished"accordingtotheirdeeds。"ThesinsoftherighteoushavingbeentransferredtoSatan，heismadetosuffernotonlyforhisownrebellion，butforallthesinswhichhehascausedGod’speopletocommit。Hispunishmentistobefargreaterthanthatofthosewhomhehasdeceived。Afterallhaveperishedwhofellbyhisdeceptions，heisstilltoliveandsufferon。Inthecleansingflamesthewickedareatlastdestroyed，rootandbranch——Satantheroot，hisfollowersthebranches。
Thefullpenaltyofthelawhasbeenvisited；thedemandsofjusticehavebeenmet；andheavenandearth，beholding，declaretherighteousnessofJehovah。
Satan’sworkofruinisforeverended。Forsixthousandyearshehaswroughthiswill，fillingtheearthwithwoeandcausinggriefthroughouttheuniverse。Thewholecreationhasgroanedandtravailedtogetherinpain。NowGod’screaturesareforeverdeliveredfromhispresenceandtemptations。
"Thewholeearthisatrest，andisquiet:they[therighteous]breakforthintosinging。"Isaiah14:7。Andashoutofpraiseandtriumphascendsfromthewholeloyaluniverse。"Thevoiceofagreatmultitude，""asthevoiceofmanywaters，andasthevoiceofmightythunderings，"isheard，saying:
"Alleluia:fortheLordGodomnipotentreigneth。"Revelation19:6。
Whiletheearthwaswrappedinthefireofdestruction，therighteousabodesafelyintheHolyCity。Uponthosethathadpartinthefirstresurrection，theseconddeathhasnopower。WhileGodistothewickedaconsumingfire，HeistoHispeoplebothasunandashield。Revelation20:6；Psalm84:11。
674
"Isawanewheavenandanewearth:forthefirstheavenandthefirstearthwerepassedaway。"Revelation21:1。Thefirethatconsumesthewickedpurifiestheearth。Everytraceofthecurseissweptaway。Noeternallyburninghellwillkeepbeforetheransomedthefearfulconsequencesofsin。
Onereminderaloneremains:OurRedeemerwilleverbearthemarksofHiscrucifixion。UponHiswoundedhead，uponHisside，Hishandsandfeet，aretheonlytracesofthecruelworkthatsinhaswrought。Saystheprophet，beholdingChristinHisglory:"HehadbrightbeamscomingoutofHisside:
andtherewasthehidingofHispower。"Habakkuk3:4，margin。ThatpiercedsidewhenceflowedthecrimsonstreamthatreconciledmantoGod——thereistheSaviour’sglory，there"thehidingofHispower。""Mightytosave，"
throughthesacrificeofredemption，HewasthereforestrongtoexecutejusticeuponthemthatdespisedGod’smercy。AndthetokensofHishumiliationareHishighesthonor；throughtheeternalagesthewoundsofCalvarywillshowforthHispraiseanddeclareHispower。
"OToweroftheflock，thestrongholdofthedaughterofZion，untoTheeshallitcome，eventhefirstdominion。"Micah4:8。ThetimehascometowhichholymenhavelookedwithlongingsincetheflamingswordbarredthefirstpairfromEden，thetimefor"theredemptionofthepurchasedpossession。"Ephesians1:14。Theearthoriginallygiventomanashiskingdom，betrayedbyhimintothehandsofSatan，andsolongheldbythemightyfoe，hasbeenbroughtbackbythegreatplanofredemption。Allthatwaslostbysinhasbeenrestored。"ThussaiththeLord……thatformedtheearthandmadeit；Hehathestablishedit，Hecreateditnotinvain，Heformedittobeinhabited。"Isaiah45:18。God’soriginalpurposeinthecreationoftheearthisfulfilledasitismadetheeternalabodeoftheredeemed。"Therighteousshallinherittheland，anddwellthereinforever。"
Psalm37:29。
Afearofmakingthefutureinheritanceseemtoomaterial675
hasledmanytospiritualizeawaytheverytruthswhichleadustolookuponitasourhome。ChristassuredHisdisciplesthatHewenttopreparemansionsforthemintheFather’shouse。ThosewhoaccepttheteachingsofGod’swordwillnotbewhollyignorantconcerningtheheavenlyabode。Andyet，"eyehathnotseen，norearheard，neitherhaveenteredintotheheartofman，thethingswhichGodhathpreparedforthemthatloveHim。"1
Corinthians2:9。Humanlanguageisinadequatetodescribetherewardoftherighteous。Itwillbeknownonlytothosewhobeholdit。NofinitemindcancomprehendthegloryoftheParadiseofGod。
IntheBibletheinheritanceofthesavediscalled"acountry。"Hebrews11:14-16。TheretheheavenlyShepherdleadsHisflocktofountainsoflivingwaters。Thetreeoflifeyieldsitsfruiteverymonth，andtheleavesofthetreearefortheserviceofthenations。Thereareever-flowingstreams，clearascrystal，andbesidethemwavingtreescasttheirshadowsuponthepathspreparedfortheransomedoftheLord。Therethewide-spreadingplainsswellintohillsofbeauty，andthemountainsofGodreartheirloftysummits。Onthosepeacefulplains，besidethoselivingstreams，God’speople，solongpilgrimsandwanderers，shallfindahome。
"Mypeopleshalldwellinapeaceablehabitation，andinsuredwellings，andinquietrestingplaces。""Violenceshallnomorebeheardinthyland，wastingnordestructionwithinthyborders；butthoushaltcallthywallsSalvation，andthygatesPraise。""Theyshallbuildhouses，andinhabitthem；andtheyshallplantvineyards，andeatthefruitofthem。Theyshallnotbuild，andanotherinhabit；theyshallnotplant，andanothereat:……
Mineelectshalllongenjoytheworkoftheirhands。"Isaiah32:18；60:18；
65:21，22。
There，"thewildernessandthesolitaryplaceshallbegladforthem；andthedesertshallrejoice，andblossomastherose。""Insteadofthethornshallcomeupthefirtree，andinsteadofthebriershallcomeupthemyrtletree。""Thewolfalsoshalldwellwiththelamb，andtheleopardshall676
liedownwiththekid；……andalittlechildshallleadthem。""TheyshallnothurtnordestroyinallMyholymountain，"saiththeLord。Isaiah35:1；55:13；11:6，9。
Paincannotexistintheatmosphereofheaven。Therewillbenomoretears，nofuneraltrains，nobadgesofmourning。"Thereshallbenomoredeath，neithersorrow，norcrying:……fortheformerthingsarepassedaway。"
"Theinhabitantshallnotsay，Iamsick:thepeoplethatdwellthereinshallbeforgiventheiriniquity。"Revelation21:4；Isaiah33:24。
ThereistheNewJerusalem，themetropolisoftheglorifiednewearth，"acrownofgloryinthehandoftheLord，andaroyaldiademinthehandofthyGod。""Herlightwaslikeuntoastonemostprecious，evenlikeajasperstone，clearascrystal。""Thenationsofthemwhicharesavedshallwalkinthelightofit:andthekingsoftheearthdobringtheirgloryandhonorintoit。"SaiththeLord:"IwillrejoiceinJerusalem，andjoyinMypeople。""ThetabernacleofGodiswithmen，andHewilldwellwiththem，andtheyshallbeHispeople，andGodHimselfshallbewiththem，andbetheirGod。"Isaiah62:3；Revelation21:11，24；Isaiah65:19；Revelation21:3。
IntheCityofGod"thereshallbenonight。"Nonewillneedordesirerepose。TherewillbenowearinessindoingthewillofGodandofferingpraisetoHisname。Weshalleverfeelthefreshnessofthemorningandshalleverbefarfromitsclose。"Andtheyneednocandle，neitherlightofthesun；fortheLordGodgiveththemlight。"Revelation22:5。Thelightofthesunwillbesupersededbyaradiancewhichisnotpainfullydazzling，yetwhichimmeasurablysurpassesthebrightnessofournoontide。ThegloryofGodandtheLambfloodstheHolyCitywithunfadinglight。Theredeemedwalkinthesunlessgloryofperpetualday。
"Isawnotempletherein:fortheLordGodAlmightyandtheLambarethetempleofit。"Revelation21:22。ThepeopleofGodareprivilegedtoholdopencommunionwiththeFatherandtheSon。"Nowweseethroughaglass，darkly。"。PG677
677
1Corinthians13:12。WebeholdtheimageofGodreflected，asinamirror，intheworksofnatureandinHisdealingswithmen；butthenweshallseeHimfacetoface，withoutadimmingveilbetween。WeshallstandinHispresenceandbeholdthegloryofHiscountenance。
Theretheredeemedshallknow，evenasalsotheyareknown。ThelovesandsympathieswhichGodHimselfhasplantedinthesoulshalltherefindtruestandsweetestexercise。Thepurecommunionwithholybeings，theharmonioussociallifewiththeblessedangelsandwiththefaithfulonesofallageswhohavewashedtheirrobesandmadethemwhiteinthebloodoftheLamb，thesacredtiesthatbindtogether"thewholefamilyinheavenandearth"
(Ephesians3:15)——thesehelptoconstitutethehappinessoftheredeemed。
There，immortalmindswillcontemplatewithnever-failingdelightthewondersofcreativepower，themysteriesofredeeminglove。Therewillbenocruel，deceivingfoetotempttoforgetfulnessofGod。Everyfacultywillbedeveloped，everycapacityincreased。Theacquirementofknowledgewillnotwearythemindorexhausttheenergies。Therethegrandestenterprisesmaybecarriedforward，theloftiestaspirationsreached，thehighestambitionsrealized；andstilltherewillarisenewheightstosurmount，newwonderstoadmire，newtruthstocomprehend，freshobjectstocallforththepowersofmindandsoulandbody。
AllthetreasuresoftheuniversewillbeopentothestudyofGod’sredeemed。Unfetteredbymortality，theywingtheirtirelessflighttoworldsafar——worldsthatthrilledwithsorrowatthespectacleofhumanwoeandrangwithsongsofgladnessatthetidingsofaransomedsoul。Withunutterabledelightthechildrenofearthenterintothejoyandthewisdomofunfallenbeings。TheysharethetreasuresofknowledgeandunderstandinggainedthroughagesuponagesincontemplationofGod’shandiwork。Withundimmedvisiontheygazeuponthegloryofcreation——sunsandstarsandsystems，allintheirappointedordercirclingthethrone678
ofDeity。Uponallthings，fromtheleasttothegreatest，theCreator’snameiswritten，andinallaretherichesofHispowerdisplayed。
Andtheyearsofeternity，astheyroll，willbringricherandstillmoregloriousrevelationsofGodandofChrist。Asknowledgeisprogressive，sowilllove，reverence，andhappinessincrease。ThemoremenlearnofGod，thegreaterwillbetheiradmirationofHischaracter。AsJesusopensbeforethemtherichesofredemptionandtheamazingachievementsinthegreatcontroversywithSatan，theheartsoftheransomedthrillwithmoreferventdevotion，andwithmorerapturousjoytheysweeptheharpsofgold；andtenthousandtimestenthousandandthousandsofthousandsofvoicesunitetoswellthemightychorusofpraise。
"Andeverycreaturewhichisinheaven，andontheearth，andundertheearth，andsuchasareinthesea，andallthatareinthem，heardIsaying，Blessing，andhonor，andglory，andpower，beuntoHimthatsittethuponthethrone，anduntotheLambforeverandever。"Revelation5:13。
Thegreatcontroversyisended。Sinandsinnersarenomore。Theentireuniverseisclean。Onepulseofharmonyandgladnessbeatsthroughthevastcreation。FromHimwhocreatedall，flowlifeandlightandgladness，throughouttherealmsofillimitablespace。Fromtheminutestatomtothegreatestworld，allthings，animateandinanimate，intheirunshadowedbeautyandperfectjoy，declarethatGodislove。
(679)
APPENDIX
GENERALNOTES
REVISIONSADOPTEDBYTHEE。G。WHITETRUSTEESNOVEMBER19，1956，ANDDECEMBER6，1979
PAGE50。TITLES——INAPASSAGEWHICHISINCLUDEDINTHEROMANCATHOLICCANON
LAW，ORCORPUSJURISCANONICI，POPEINNOCENTIIIDECLARESTHATTHEROMAN
PONTIFFIS"THEVICEGERENTUPONEARTH，NOTOFAMEREMAN，BUTOFVERYGOD；"
ANDINAGLOSSONTHEPASSAGEITISEXPLAINEDTHATTHISISBECAUSEHEISTHE
VICEGERENTOFCHRIST，WHOIS"VERYGODANDVERYMAN。"SEEDECRETALESDOMINI
GREGORIIPAPAEIX(DECRETALSOFTHELORDPOPEGREGORYIX)，LIBER1，DE
TRANSLATIONEEPISCOPORUM，(ONTHETRANSFERENCEOFBISHOPS)，TITLE7，CH。3；
CORPUSJURISCANONICI(2DLEIPZIGED。，1881)，COL。99；(PARIS，1612)，TOM。
2，DECRETALES，COL。205。THEDOCUMENTSWHICHFORMEDTHEDECRETALSWERE
GATHEREDBYGRATIAN，WHOWASTEACHINGATTHEUNIVERSITYOFBOLOGNAABOUTTHE
YEAR1140。HISWORKWASADDEDTOANDRE-EDITEDBYPOPEGREGORYIXINAN
EDITIONISSUEDIN1234。OTHERDOCUMENTSAPPEAREDINSUCCEEDINGYEARSFROM
TIMETOTIMEINCLUDINGTHEEXTRAVAGANTES，ADDEDTOWARDTHECLOSEOFTHE
FIFTEENTHCENTURY，ALLOFTHESE，WITHGRATIAN’SDECRETUM，WEREPUBLISHEDAS
THECORPUSJURISCANONICIIN1582。POPEPIUSXAUTHORIZEDTHECODIFICATION
INCANONLAWIN1904，ANDTHERESULTINGCODEBECAMEEFFECTIVEIN1918。
FORTHETITLE"LORDGODTHEPOPE"SEEAGLOSSONTHEEXTRAVAGANTESOFPOPE
JOHNXXII，TITLE14，CH。4，DECLARAMUS。INANANTWERPEDITIONOFTHE
EXTRAVAGANTES，DATED1584，THEWORDS"DOMINUMDEUMNOSTRUMPAPAM"("OURLORD
GODTHEPOPE")OCCURINCOLUMN153。INAPARISEDITION，DATED1612，THEY
OCCURINCOLUMN140。INSEVERALEDITIONSPUBLISHEDSINCE1612THEWORD
"DEUM"("GOD")HASBEENOMITTED。
PAGE50。INFALLIBILITY——ONTHEDOCTRINEOFINFALLIBILITYASSETFORTHAT
THEVATICANCOUNCILOF1870-71，SEEPHILIPSCHAFF，THECREEDSOF
CHRISTENDOM，VOL。2，DOGMATICDECREESOFTHEVATICANCOUNCIL，PP。234-271，WHEREBOTHTHELATINANDTHEENGLISHTEXTSAREGIVEN。FORDISCUSSIONSEE，FORTHEROMANCATHOLICVIEW，THECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。7，ART。
"INFALLIBILITY，"BYPATRICKJ。TONER，P。790FF。；JAMESCARDINALGIBBONS，THEFAITHOFOURFATHERS(BALTIMORE:JOHNMURPHYCOMPANY，110THED。，1917)，CHS。7，11。FORROMANCATHOLICOPPOSITIONTOTHEDOCTRINEOFPAPAL
INFALLIBILITY，SEEJOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVONDOLLINGER(PSEUDONYM"JANUS")THE
POPEANDTHECOUNCIL(NEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1869)；ANDW。J。
SPARROWSIMPSON，ROMANCATHOLICOPPOSITIONTOPAPALINFALLIBILITY(LONDON:
JOHNMURRAY，1909)。FORTHENON-ROMANVIEW，SEEGEORGESALMON，INFALLIBILITY
OFTHECHURCH(LONDON:JOHNMURRAY，REV。ED。，1914)。
680
THEGREATCONTROVERSY
PAGE52。IMAGEWORSHIP——"THEWORSHIPOFIMAGES……WASONEOFTHOSE
CORRUPTIONSOFCHRISTIANITYWHICHCREPTINTOTHECHURCHSTEALTHILYAND
ALMOSTWITHOUTNOTICEOROBSERVATION。THISCORRUPTIONDIDNOT，LIKEOTHER
HERESIES，DEVELOPITSELFATONCE，FORINTHATCASEITWOULDHAVEMETWITH
DECIDEDCENSUREANDREBUKE:BUT，MAKINGITSCOMMENCEMENTUNDERAFAIR
DISGUISE，SOGRADUALLYWASONEPRACTICEAFTERANOTHERINTRODUCEDIN
CONNECTIONWITHIT，THATTHECHURCHHADBECOMEDEEPLYSTEEPEDINPRACTICAL
IDOLATRY，NOTONLYWITHOUTANYEFFICIENTOPPOSITION，BUTALMOSTWITHOUTANY
DECIDEDREMONSTRANCE；ANDWHENATLENGTHANENDEAVORWASMADETOROOTIT
OUT，THEEVILWASFOUNDTOODEEPLYFIXEDTOADMITOFREMOVAL……ITMUST
BETRACEDTOTHEIDOLATROUSTENDENCYOFTHEHUMANHEART，ANDITSPROPENSITY
TOSERVETHECREATUREMORETHANTHECREATOR……
"IMAGESANDPICTURESWEREFIRSTINTRODUCEDINTOCHURCHES，NOTTOBE
WORSHIPED，BUTEITHERINTHEPLACEOFBOOKSTOGIVEINSTRUCTIONTOTHOSEWHO
COULDNOTREAD，ORTOEXCITEDEVOTIONINTHEMINDSOFOTHERS。HOWFARTHEY
EVERANSWEREDSUCHAPURPOSEISDOUBTFUL；BUT，EVENGRANTINGTHATTHISWAS
THECASEFORATIME，ITSOONCEASEDTOBESO，ANDITWASFOUNDTHATPICTURES
ANDIMAGESBROUGHTINTOCHURCHESDARKENEDRATHERTHANENLIGHTENEDTHEMINDS
OFTHEIGNORANT——DEGRADEDRATHERTHANEXALTEDTHEDEVOTIONOFTHEWORSHIPER。
SOTHAT，HOWEVERTHEYMIGHTHAVEBEENINTENDEDTODIRECTMEN’SMINDSTOGOD，THEYENDEDINTURNINGTHEMFROMHIMTOTHEWORSHIPOFCREATEDTHINGS。"——J。
MENDHAM，THESEVENTHGENERALCOUNCIL，THESECONDOFNICAEA，INTRODUCTION，PAGESIII-VI。
FORARECORDOFTHEPROCEEDINGSANDDECISIONSOFTHESECONDCOUNCILOF
NICAEA，A。D。787，CALLEDTOESTABLISHTHEWORSHIPOFIMAGES，SEEBARONIUS，ECCLESIASTICALANNALS，VOL。9，PP。391-407(ANTWERP，1612)；J。MENDHAM，THE
SEVENTHGENERALCOUNCIL，THESECONDOFNICAEA；ED。STILLINGFLEET，DEFENSEOF
THEDISCOURSECONCERNINGTHEIDOLATRYPRACTICEDINTHECHURCHOFROME
(LONDON，1686)；ASELECTLIBRARYOFNICENEANDPOST-NICENEFATHERS，2D
SERIES，VOL。14，PP。521-587(NEWYORK，1900)；CHARLESJ。HEFELE，AHISTORY
OFTHECOUNCILSOFTHECHURCH，FROMTHEORIGINALDOCUMENTS，B。18，CH。1，SECS。332，333；CH。2，SECS。
345-352(T。ANDT。CLARKED。，1896)，VOL。5，PP。260-304，342-372。
PAGE53。THESUNDAYLAWOFCONSTANTINE——THELAWISSUEDBYTHEEMPEROR
CONSTANTINEONTHESEVENTHOFMARCH，A。D。321，REGARDINGADAYOFRESTFROM
LABOR，READSTHUS:
"ALLJUDGESANDCITYPEOPLEANDTHECRAFTSMENSHALLRESTUPONTHEVENERABLE
DAYOFTHESUN。COUNTRYPEOPLE，HOWEVER，MAYFREELYATTENDTOTHE
CULTIVATIONOFTHEFIELDS，BECAUSEITFREQUENTLYHAPPENSTHATNOOTHERDAYS
AREBETTERADAPTEDFORPLANTINGTHEGRAININTHEFURROWSORTHEVINESIN
TRENCHES。SOTHATTHEADVANTAGEGIVENBYHEAVENLYPROVIDENCEMAYNOTFORTHE
OCCASIONOFASHORTTIMEPERISH。"——JOSEPHCULLENAYER，ASOURCEBOOKFOR
ANCIENTCHURCHHISTORY(NEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1913)，DIV。2，PER。1，CH。1，SEC。59，G，PP。284，285。
THELATINORIGINALISINTHECODEXJUSTINIANI(CODEXOFJUSTINIAN)，LIB。3，681
TITLE12，LEX。3。THELAWISGIVENINLATINANDINENGLISHTRANSLATIONIN
PHILIPSCHAFF’SHISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCH，VOL。3，3DPERIOD，CH。7，SEC。75，P。380，FOOTNOTE1；ANDINJAMESA。HESSEY’SBAMPTONLECTURES，SUNDAY，LECTURE3，PAR。1，3DED。，MURRAY’SPRINTINGOF1866，P。58。SEE
DISCUSSIONINSCHAFF，ASABOVEREFERREDTO；INALBERTHENRYNEWMAN，AMANUAL
OFCHURCHHISTORY(PHILADELPHIA:THEAMERICANBAPTISTPUBLICATIONSOCIETY，PRINTINGOF1933)，REV。ED。，VOL。1，PP。
305-307；ANDINLEROYE。FROOM，THEPROPHETICFAITHOFOURFATHERS
(WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1950)，VOL。1，PP
376-381。
PAGE54。PROPHETICDATES——ANIMPORTANTPRINCIPLEINPROPHETIC
INTERPRETATIONINCONNECTIONWITHTIMEPROPHECIESISTHEYEAR-DAYPRINCIPLE，UNDERWHICHADAYOFPROPHETICTIMEISCOUNTEDASACALENDARYEAROF
HISTORICTIME。BEFORETHEISRAELITESENTEREDTHELANDOFCANAANTHEYSENT
TWELVESPIESAHEADTOINVESTIGATE。THESPIESWEREGONEFORTYDAYS，ANDUPON
THEIRRETURNTHEHEBREWS，FRIGHTENEDATTHEIRREPORT，REFUSEDTOGOUPAND
OCCUPYTHEPROMISEDLAND。THERESULTWASASENTENCETHELORDPASSEDUPON
THEM:"AFTERTHENUMBEROFTHEDAYSINWHICHYESEARCHEDTHELAND，EVEN
FORTYDAYS，EACHDAYFORAYEAR，SHALLYEBEARYOURINIQUITIES，EVENFORTY
YEARS。"NUMBERS14:34。ASIMILARMETHODOFCOMPUTINGFUTURETIMEIS
INDICATEDTHROUGHTHEPROPHETEZEKIEL。FORTYYEARSOFPUNISHMENTFOR
INIQUITIESAWAITEDTHEKINGDOMOFJUDAH。THELORDSAIDTHROUGHTHEPROPHET:
"LIEAGAINONTHYRIGHTSIDE，ANDTHOUSHALTBEARTHEINIQUITYOFTHEHOUSE
OFJUDAHFORTYDAYS:IHAVEAPPOINTEDTHEEEACHDAYFORAYEAR。"EZEKIEL
4:6。THISYEAR-DAYPRINCIPLEHASANIMPORTANTAPPLICATIONININTERPRETING
THETIMEOFTHEPROPHECYOFTHE"TWOTHOUSANDANDTHREEHUNDREDEVENINGSAND
MORNINGS"(DANIEL8:14，R。V。)ANDTHE
1260-DAYPERIOD，VARIOUSLYINDICATEDAS"ATIMEANDTIMESANDTHEDIVIDING
OFTIME"(DANIEL7:25)，THE"FORTYANDTWOMONTHS"(REVELATION11:2；13:5)，ANDTHE"THOUSANDTWOHUNDREDANDTHREESCOREDAYS"(REVELATION11:3；12:6)。
PAGE56。FORGEDWRITINGS——AMONGTHEDOCUMENTSTHATATTHEPRESENTTIMEARE
GENERALLYADMITTEDTOBEFORGERIES，THEDONATIONOFCONSTANTINEANDTHE
PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALSAREOFPRIMARYIMPORTANCE。"THE’DONATIONOF
CONSTANTINE’ISTHENAMETRADITIONALLYAPPLIED，SINCETHELATERMIDDLEAGES，TOADOCUMENTPURPORTINGTOHAVEBEENADDRESSEDBYCONSTANTINETHEGREATTO
POPESYLVESTERI，WHICHISFOUNDFIRSTINAPARISIANMANUSCRIPT(CODEXLAT。
2777)OFPROBABLYTHEBEGINNINGOFTHENINTHCENTURY。SINCETHEELEVENTH
CENTURYITHASBEENUSEDASAPOWERFULARGUMENTINFAVOROFTHEPAPAL
CLAIMS，ANDCONSEQUENTLYSINCETHETWELFTHITHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFA
VIGOROUSCONTROVERSY。ATTHESAMETIME，BYRENDERINGITPOSSIBLETOREGARD
THEPAPACYASAMIDDLETERMBETWEENTHEORIGINALANDTHEMEDIEVALROMAN
EMPIRE，ANDTHUSTOFORMATHEORETICALBASISOFCONTINUITYFORTHERECEPTION
OFTHEROMANLAWINTHEMIDDLEAGES，ITHASHADNOSMALLINFLUENCEUPON
SECULARHISTORY。"——THENEW
682
SCHAFF-HERZOGENCYCLOPEDIAOFRELIGIOUSKNOWLEDGE，VOL。3，ART。"DONATIONOF
CONSTANTINE，"PP。484，485。
THEHISTORICALTHEORYDEVELOPEDINTHE"DONATION"ISFULLYDISCUSSEDIN
HENRYE。CARDINALMANNING’STHETEMPORALPOWEROFTHEVICAROFJESUSCHRIST，LONDON，1862。THEARGUMENTSOFTHE"DONATION"WEREOFASCHOLASTICTYPE，AND
THEPOSSIBILITYOFAFORGERYWASNOTMENTIONEDUNTILTHERISEOFHISTORICAL
CRITICISMINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY。NICHOLASOFCUSAWASAMONGTHEFIRSTTO
CONCLUDETHATCONSTANTINENEVERMADEANYSUCHDONATION。LORENZAVALLAIN
ITALYGAVEABRILLIANTDEMONSTRATIONOFITSSPURIOUSNESSIN1450。SEE
CHRISTOPHERB。COLEMAN’STREATISEOFLORENZOVALLAONTHEDONATIONOF
CONSTANTINE(NEWYORK，1927)。FORACENTURYLONGER，HOWEVER，THEBELIEFIN
THEAUTHENTICITYOFTHE"DONATION"ANDOFTHEFALSEDECRETALSWASKEPT
ALIVE。FOREXAMPLE，MARTINLUTHERATFIRSTACCEPTEDTHEDECRETALS，BUTHE
SOONSAIDTOECK:"IIMPUGNTHESEDECRETALS；"ANDTOSPALATIN:"HE[THE
POPE]DOESINHISDECRETALSCORRUPTANDCRUCIFYCHRIST，THATIS，THETRUTH。"
ITISDEEMEDESTABLISHEDTHATTHE"DONATION"IS(1)AFORGERY，(2)THEWORK
OFONEMANORPERIOD，(3)THEFORGERHASMADEUSEOFOLDERDOCUMENTS，(4)
THEFORGERYORIGINATEDAROUND752AND778。ASFORTHECATHOLICS，THEY
ABANDONEDTHEDEFENSEOFTHEAUTHENTICITYOFTHEDOCUMENTWITHBARONIUS，ECCLESIASTICALANNALS，IN1592。CONSULTFORTHEBESTTEXT，K。ZEUMER，INTHE
FESTGABEFURRUDOLFVONGNEIST(BERLIN，1888)。TRANSLATEDINCOLEMAN’S
TREATISE，REFERREDTOABOVE，ANDINERNESTF。HENDERSON，SELECTHISTORICAL
DOCUMENTSOFTHEMIDDLEAGES(NEWYORK，1892)，P。
319；BRIEFWECHSEL(WEIMARED。)，PP。141，161。SEEALSOTHENEW
SCHAFF-HERZOGENCYCLOPEDIAOFRELIGIOUSKNOWLEDGE(1950)，VOL。3，P。
484；F。GREGOROVIUS，ROMEINTHEMIDDLEAGES，VOL。2，P。329；AND
JOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVONDOLLINGER，FABLESRESPECTINGTHEPOPESOFTHEMIDDLE
AGES(LONDON，1871)。
THE"FALSEWRITINGS"REFERREDTOINTHETEXTINCLUDEALSOTHE
PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALS，TOGETHERWITHOTHERFORGERIES。THE
PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALSARECERTAINFICTITIOUSLETTERSASCRIBEDTOEARLY
POPESFROMCLEMENT(A。D。100)TOGREGORYTHEGREAT(A。D。600)，INCORPORATED
INANINTHCENTURYCOLLECTIONPURPORTINGTOHAVEBEENMADEBY"ISIDORE
MERCATOR。"THENAME"PSEUDO-ISIDORIANDECRETALS"HASBEENINUSESINCETHE
ADVENTOFCRITICISMINTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY。
PSEUDO-ISIDORETOOKASTHEBASISOFHISFORGERIESACOLLECTIONOFVALID
CANONSCALLEDTHEHISPANAGALLICAAUGUSTODUNENSIS，THUSLESSENINGTHEDANGER
OFDETECTION，SINCECOLLECTIONSOFCANONSWERECOMMONLYMADEBYADDINGNEW
MATTERTOOLD。THUSHISFORGERIESWERELESSAPPARENTWHENINCORPORATEDWITH
GENUINEMATERIAL。THEFALSITYOFTHEPSEUDO-ISIDORIANFABRICATIONSISNOW
INCONTESTABLYADMITTED，BEINGPROVEDBYINTERNALEVIDENCE，INVESTIGATIONOF
THESOURCES，THEMETHODSUSED，ANDTHEFACTTHATTHISMATERIALWASUNKNOWN
BEFORE852。HISTORIANSAGREETHAT
850OR851ISTHEMOSTPROBABLEDATEFORTHECOMPLETIONOFTHECOLLECTION，SINCETHEDOCUMENTISFIRSTCITEDINTHEADMONITIOOFTHECAPITULARYOF
QUIERCY，IN857。
THEAUTHOROFTHESEFORGERIESISNOTKNOWN。ITISPROBABLETHATTHEY
683
EMANATEDFROMTHEAGGRESSIVENEWCHURCHPARTYWHICHFORMEDINTHENINTH
CENTURYATRHEIMS，FRANCE。ITISAGREEDTHATBISHOPHINCMAROFRHEIMSUSED
THESEDECRETALSINHISDEPOSITIONOFROTHADOFSOISSONS，WHOBROUGHTTHE
DECRETALSTOROMEIN864ANDLAIDTHEMBEFOREPOPENICHOLASI。
AMONGTHOSEWHOCHALLENGEDTHEIRAUTHENTICITYWERENICHOLASOFCUSA
(1401-1464)，CHARLESDUMOULIN(1500-1566)，ANDGEORGECASSENDER(1513-
1564)。THEIRREFUTABLEPROOFOFTHEIRFALSITYWASCONVEYEDBYDAVIDBLONDEL，1628。
ANEARLYEDITIONISGIVENINMIGNEPATROLGIALATINA，CXXX。FORTHEOLDEST
ANDBESTMANUSCRIPT，SEEP。HINSCHIUS，DECRETALESPSEUDO-ISIDORIANIAEAT
CAPITULAANGILRAMNI(LEIPZIG，1863)。CONSULTTHENEWSCHAFF-HERZOG
ENCYCLOPEDIAOFRELIGIOUSKNOWLEDGE(1950)，VOL。9，PP。343-345。SEEALSOH。
H。MILMAN，LATINCHRISTIANITY(VOLS。)，VOL。3；JOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVON
DOLLINGER，THEPOPEANDTHECOUNCIL(1869)；ANDKENNETHSCOTTLATOURETTE，A
HISTORYOFTHEEXPANSIONOFCHRISTIANITY(1939)，VOL。3；THECATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。5，ART。"FALSEDECRETALS，"ANDFOURNIER，"ETUDESSURELES
FAUSSESDECRETALS，"INREVUED’HISTORIQUEECCLESIASTIQUE(LOUVAIN)VOL。7
(1906)，ANDVOL。8(1907)。
PAGE57。THEDICTATEOFHILDEBRAND(GREGORYVII)——FORTHEORIGINALLATIN
VERSIONSEEBARONIUS，ANNALESECCLESIASTICI，ANN。1076，VOL。
17，PP。405，406OFTHEPARISPRINTINGOF1869；ANDTHEMONUMENTA
GERMANIAEHISTORICASELECTA，VOL。3，P。17。FORANENGLISHTRANSLATIONSEE
FREDERICA。OGG，SOURCEBOOKOFMEDIEVALHISTORY(NEWYORK:AMERICANBOOK
CO。，1907)，CH。6，SEC。45，PP。262-264；ANDOLIVERJ。THATCHERANDEDGARH。
MCNEAL，SOURCEBOOKFORMEDIEVALHISTORY(NEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1905)，SEC。3，ITEM65，PP。136-139。
FORADISCUSSIONOFTHEBACKGROUNDOFTHEDICTATE，SEEJAMESBRYCE，THEHOLY
ROMANEMPIRE，REV。ED。，CH。10；ANDJAMESW。THOMPSONANDEDGARN。JOHNSON，ANINTRODUCTIONTOMEDIEVALEUROPE，300-1500，PAGES377-380。
PAGE59。PURGATORY——DR。JOSEPHFAADIBRUNOTHUSDEFINESPURGATORY:
"PURGATORYISASTATEOFSUFFERINGAFTERTHISLIFE，INWHICHTHOSESOULSARE
FORATIMEDETAINED，WHODEPARTTHISLIFEAFTERTHEIRDEADLYSINSHAVEBEEN
REMITTEDASTOTHESTAINANDGUILT，ANDASTOTHEEVERLASTINGPAINTHATWAS
DUETOTHEM；BUTWHOHAVEONACCOUNTOFTHOSESINSSTILLSOMEDEBTOF
TEMPORALPUNISHMENTTOPAY；ASALSOTHOSESOULSWHICHLEAVETHISWORLD
GUILTYONLYOFVENIALSINS。"——CATHOLICBELIEF(1884ED。；IMPRIMATUR
ARCHBISHOPOFNEWYORK)，PAGE196。
SEEALSOK。R。HAGENBACH，COMPENDIUMOFTHEHISTORYOFDOCTRINES(T。ANDT。
CLARKED。)VOL。1，PP。234-237，405，408；VOL。2，PP。135-150，308，309；CHARLESELLIOTT，DELINEATIONOFROMANCATHOLICISM，B。2，CH。12；THECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。12，ART。"PURGATORY。"
PAGE59。INDULGENCES——FORADETAILEDHISTORYOFTHEDOCTRINEOFINDULGENCES
SEEMANDELLCREIGHTON，AHISTORYOFTHEPAPACYFROMTHEGREAT
684
SCHISMTOTHESACKOFROME(LONDON:LONGMANS，GREENANDCO。，1911)，VOL。5，PP。56-64，71；W。H。KENT，"INDULGENCES，"THECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。7，PP。783-789；H。C。LEA，AHISTORYOFAURICULARCONFESSIONANDINDULGENCESIN
THELATINCHURCH(PHILADELPHIA:LEABROTHERSANDCO。，1896)；THOMASM。
LINDSAY，AHISTORYOFTHEREFORMATION(NEWYORK；CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1917)，VOL。1，PP。
216-227；ALBERTHENRYNEWMAN，AMANUALOFCHURCHHISTORY
(PHILADELPHIA:THEAMERICANBAPTISTPUBLICATIONSOCIETY，1953)，VOL。2，PP。
53，54，62；LEOPOLDRANKE，HISTORYOFTHEREFORMATIONINGERMANY(2D
LONDONED。，1845)，TRANSLATEDBYSARAHAUSTIN，VOL。1，PP。331，335-337，343-346；PRESERVEDSMITH，THEAGEOFTHEREFORMATION(NEWYORK:HENRY
HOLTANDCOMPANY，1920)，PP。23-25，66。
ONTHEPRACTICALOUTWORKINGSOFTHEDOCTRINEOFINDULGENCESDURINGTHE
PERIODOFTHEREFORMATIONSEEAPAPERBYDR。H。C。LEA，ENTITLED，"INDULGENCESINSPAIN，"PUBLISHEDINPAPERSOFTHEAMERICANSOCIETYOF
CHURCHHISTORY，VOL。1，PP。129-171。OFTHEVALUEOFTHISHISTORICAL
SIDELIGHTDR。LEASAYSINHISOPENINGPARAGRAPH:"UNVEXEDBYTHECONTROVERSY
WHICHRAGEDBETWEENLUTHERANDDR。ECKANDSILVESTERPRIERIAS，SPAIN
CONTINUEDTRANQUILLYTOFOLLOWINTHEOLDANDBEATENPATH，ANDFURNISHESUS
WITHTHEINCONTESTABLEOFFICIALDOCUMENTSWHICHENABLEUSTOEXAMINETHE
MATTERINTHEPURELIGHTOFHISTORY。"
PAGE59。THEMASS——FORTHEDOCTRINEOFTHEMASSASSETFORTHATTHECOUNCIL
OFTRENTSEETHECANONSANDDECREESOFTHECOUNCILOFTRENTINPHILIP
SCHAFF，CREEDSOFCHRISTENDOM，VOL。2，PP。126-139，WHEREBOTHLATINAND
ENGLISHTEXTSAREGIVEN。SEEALSOH。G。SCHROEDER，CANONSANDDECREESOFTHE
COUNCILOFTRENT(ST。LOUIS，MISSOURI:B。HERDER，1941)。
FORADISCUSSIONOFTHEMASSSEETHECATHOLICENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL
5，ART。"EUCHARIST，"BYJOSEPHPOHLE，PAGE572FF。；NIKOLAUSGIHR，HOLY
SACRIFICEOFTHEMASS，DOGMATICALLY，LITURGICALLY，ASCETICALLYEXPLAINED，12THED。(ST。LOUIS，MISSOURI:B。HERDER，1937)；JOSEFANDREASJUNGMANN，THE
MASSOFTHEROMANRITE，ITSORIGINSANDDEVELOPMENT，TRANSLATEDFROMTHE
GERMANBYFRANCISA。BRUNNER(NEWYORK:BENZIGERBROS。，1951)。FORTHE
NON-CATHOLICVIEW，SEEJOHNCALVIN，INSTITUTESOFTHECHRISTIANRELIGION，B。
4，CHS。17，18；ANDEDWARDBOUVERIEPUSEY，THEDOCTRINEOFTHEREALPRESENCE
(OXFORD，ENGLAND:JOHNH。PARKER，1855)。
PAGE65。THESABBATHAMONGTHEWALDENSES——THEREAREWRITERSWHOHAVE
MAINTAINEDTHATTHEWALDENSESMADEAGENERALPRACTICEOFOBSERVINGTHE
SEVENTH-DAYSABBATH。THISCONCEPTAROSEFROMSOURCESWHICHINTHEORIGINAL
LATINDESCRIBETHEWALDENSESASKEEPINGTHEDIESDOMINICALIS，ORLORD’SDAY
(SUNDAY)，BUTINWHICHTHROUGHAPRACTICEWHICHDATESFROMTHEREFORMATION，THEWORDFOR"SUNDAY"HASBEENTRANSLATED"SABBATH。"
BUTTHEREISHISTORICALEVIDENCEOFSOMEOBSERVANCEOFTHESEVENTH-DAY
SABBATHAMONGTHEWALDENSES。AREPORTOFANINQUISITIONBEFOREWHOMWERE
BROUGHTSOMEWALDENSESOFMORAVIAINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEFIFTEENTHCENTURY
DECLARESTHATAMONGTHEWALDENSES"NOTAFEWINDEEDCELEBRATETHE
685
SABBATHWITHTHEJEWS。"——JOHANNJOSEPHIGNAZVONDOLLINGER，BEITRAGEZUR
SEKTENGESCHICHTEDESMITTELALTERS(REPORTSONTHEHISTORYOFTHESECTSOF
THEMIDDLEAGES)，MUNICH，1890，2DPT。，P。661。THERECANBENOQUESTION
THATTHISSOURCEINDICATESTHEOBSERVANCEOFTHESEVENTH-DAYSABBATH。
PAGE65。WALDENSIANVERSIONSOFTHEBIBLE——ONRECENTDISCOVERIESOF
WALDENSIANMANUSCRIPTSSEEM。ESPOSITO，"SURQUELQUESMANUSCRITSDE
L’ANCIENNELITTERATUREDESVAUDOISDUPIEMONT，"INREVUED’HISTORIQUE
ECCLESIASTIQUE(LOUVAIN，1951)，P。130FF。；F。JOSTES，"DIE
WALDENSERBIBELN，"INHISTORISCHESJAHRBUCH，1894；D。LORTSCH，HISTOIREDELA
BIBLEENFRANCE(PARIS，1910)，CH。10。
ACLASSICWRITTENBYONEOFTHEWALDENSIAN"BARBS"ISJEANLEGER，HISTOIRE
GENERALEDESEGLISESEVANGELIQUESDESVALLEESDEPIEMONT(LEYDEN，1669)，WHICHWASWRITTENATTHETIMEOFTHEGREATPERSECUTIONSANDCONTAINS
FIRSTHANDINFORMATIONWITHDRAWINGS。
FORTHELITERATUREOFWALDENSIANTEXTSSEEA。DESTEFANO，CIVILTAMEDIOEVALE
(1944)；ANDRIFORMATORIEDERETICINELMEDIOEVE(PALERMO，1938)；J。D。
BOUNOUS，THEWALDENSIANPATOISOFPRAMOL(NASHVILLE，1936)；ANDA。DONDAINE，ARCHIVUMFRATRUMPRAEDICATORUM(1946)。
FORTHEHISTORYOFTHEWALDENSESSOMEOFTHEMORERECENT，RELIABLEWORKS
ARE:E。COMBA，HISTORYOFTHEWALDENSESINITALY(SEELATERITALIANEDITION
PUBLISHEDINTORREPELLICE，1934)；E。GEBHART，MYSTICSANDHERETICS(BOSTON，1927)；G。GONNET，ILVALDISMOMEDIOEVALE，PROLEGOMENI(TORREPELLICE，1935)；
ANDJALLA，HISTOIREDESVAUDOISETLEURSCOLONIES(TORREPELLICE，1935)。
PAGE77。EDICTAGAINSTTHEWALDENSES——ACONSIDERABLEPORTIONOFTHETEXTOF
THEPAPALBULLISSUEDBYINNOCENTVIIIIN1487AGAINSTTHEWALDENSES(THE
ORIGINALOFWHICHISINTHELIBRARYOFTHEUNIVERSITYOFCAMBRIDGE)IS
GIVEN，INANENGLISHTRANSLATION，INJOHNDOWLING’SHISTORYOFROMANISM
(1871ED。)，B。6，CH。5，SEC。62。
PAGE85。WYCLIFFE——THEHISTORIANDISCOVERSTHATTHENAMEOFWYCLIFFE，HAS
MANYDIFFERENTFORMSOFSPELLING。FORAFULLDISCUSSIONOFTHESESEEJ。
DAHMUS，THEPROSECUTIONOFJOHNWYCLYF(NEWHAVEN:YALEUNIVERSITYPRESS，1952)，P。7。
PAGE86。INFALLIBILITY。
FORTHEORIGINALTEXTOFTHEPAPALBULLSISSUEDAGAINSTWYCLIFFEWITH
ENGLISHTRANSLATIONSEEJ。DAHMUS，THEPROSECUTIONOFJOHNWYCLYF(NEW
HAVEN:YALEUNIVERSITYPRESS，1952)，PP。35-49；ALSOJOHNFOXE，ACTSAND
MONUMENTSOFTHECHURCH(LONDON:PRATTTOWNSEND，1870)，VOL。
3，PP。4-13。
FORASUMMARYOFTHESEBULLSSENTTOTHEARCHBISHOPOFCANTERBURY，TOKING
EDWARD，ANDTOTHECHANCELLOROFTHEUNIVERSITYOFOXFORD，SEEMERLE
D’AUBIGNE，THEHISTORYOFTHEREFORMATIONINTHESIXTEENTHCENTURY(LONDON:
BLACKIEANDSON，1885)，VOL。4，DIV。7，P。93；AUGUSTNEANDER，GENERAL
686
HISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCH(BOSTON:CROCKERANDBRESTER，1862)，VOL。5，PP。146，147；GEORGESARGEANT，HISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCH(DALLAS:
FREDERICKPUBLISHINGHOUSE，1948)，P。323；GOTTHARDV。LECHLER，JOHN
WYCLIFFEANDHISENGLISHPRECURSORS(LONDON:THERELIGIOUSTRACTSOCIETY，1878)，PP。162-164；PHILIPSCHAFF，HISTORYOFTHECHRISTIANCHURCH(NEW
YORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1915)，VOL。5，PT。2，P。317。
PAGE104。COUNCILOFCONSTANCE——APRIMARYSOURCEONTHECOUNCILOF
CONSTANCEISRICHENDALULRICH，DASCONCILIUMSOZUCONSTANZGEHALTENIST
WORDEN(AUGSBURG，1483，INCUN。)。ANINTERESTING，RECENTSTUDYOFTHISTEXT，BASEDONTHE"AULENDORFCODEX，"ISINTHESPENCERCOLLECTIONOFTHENEWYORK
PUBLICLIBRARY，PUBLISHEDBYKARLKUP，ULRICHVONRICHENTAL’SCHRONICLEOF
THECOUNCILOFCONSTANCE(NEWYORK，1936)。SEEALSOH。FINKE(ED。)，ACTA
CONCILIICONSTANCIENSIS(1896)，VOL。1；HEFELE，CONCILIENGESCHICHTE(9
VOLS。)，VOLS。6，7；L。MIRBT，QUELLENZURGESCHICHTEDESPAPSTTUMS(1934)；
MILMAN，LATINCHRISTIANITY，VOL。
7，PP。426-524；PASTOR，THEHISTORYOFTHEPOPES(34VOLS。)，VOL。1，P。197FF。
MORERECENTPUBLICATIONSONTHECOUNCILAREK。ZAHRINGER，DASKARDINAL
KOLLEGIUMAUFDEMKONSTANZERKONZIL(MUNSTER，1935)；TH。F。GROGAU，THE
CONCILIARTHEORYASITMANIFESTEDITSELFATTHECOUNCILOFCONSTANCE
(WASHINGTON，1949)；FREDA。KREMPLE，CULTURALASPECTSOFTHECOUNCILOF
CONSTANCEANDBASEL(ANNARBOR，1955)；JOHNPATRICKMCGOWAN，D’AILLYANDTHE
COUNCILOFCONSTANCE(WASHINGTON:CATHOLICUNIVERSITY，1936)。
FORJOHNHUSSSEEJOHNHUS，LETTERS，1904；E。J。KITTS，POPEJOHNXXIIIAND
MASTERJOHNHUS(LONDON，1910)；D。S。SCHAFF，JOHNHUS(1915)；SCHWARZE，JOHNHUS(1915)；ANDMATTHEWSPINKA，JOHNHUSANDTHECZECHREFORM(1941)。
PAGE234。JESUITISM——FORASTATEMENTCONCERNINGTHEORIGIN，THEPRINCIPLES，ANDTHEPURPOSESOFTHE"SOCIETYOFJESUS，"ASOUTLINEDBYMEMBERSOFTHIS
ORDER，SEEAWORKENTITLEDCONCERNINGJESUITS，EDITEDBYTHEREV。JOHN
GERARD，S。J。，ANDPUBLISHEDINLONDON，1902，BYTHECATHOLICTRUTHSOCIETY。
INTHISWORKITISSAID，"THEMAINSPRINGOFTHEWHOLEORGANIZATIONOFTHE
SOCIETYISASPIRITOFENTIREOBEDIENCE:’LETEACHONE，’WRITESST。
IGNATIUS，’PERSUADEHIMSELFTHATTHOSEWHOLIVEUNDEROBEDIENCEOUGHTTO
ALLOWTHEMSELVESTOBEMOVEDANDDIRECTEDBYDIVINEPROVIDENCETHROUGHTHEIR
SUPERIORS，JUSTASTHOUGHTHEYWEREADEADBODY，WHICHALLOWSITSELFTOBE
CARRIEDANYWHEREANDTOBETREATEDINANYMANNERWHATEVER，ORASANOLD
MAN’SSTAFF，WHICHSERVESHIMWHOHOLDSITINHISHANDINWHATSOEVERWAYHE
WILL。’
"THISABSOLUTESUBMISSIONISENNOBLEDBYITSMOTIVE，ANDSHOULDBE，CONTINUESTHE……FOUNDER，’PROMPT，JOYOUSANDPERSEVERING；……THE
OBEDIENTRELIGIOUSACCOMPLISHESJOYFULLYTHATWHICHHISSUPERIORSHAVE
CONFIDEDTOHIMFORTHEGENERALGOOD，ASSUREDTHATTHEREBYHECORRESPONDS
TRULYWITHTHEDIVINEWILL。’"——THECOMTESSER。DECOURSON，INCONCERNING
JESUITS，PAGE6。
687
SEEALSOL。E。DUPIN，ACOMPENDIOUSHISTORYOFTHECHURCH，CENT。
16，CH。33(LONDON，1713，VOL。4，PP。132-135)；MOSHEIM，ECCLESIASTICAL
HISTORY，CENT。16，SEC。3，PT。1，CH。1，PAR。10(INCLUDINGNOTES)；THE
ENCYCLOPEDIABRITANNICA(9THED。)，ART。"JESUITS；"C。PAROISSEN，THE
PRINCIPLESOFTHEJESUITS，DEVELOPEDINACOLLECTIONOFEXTRACTSFROMTHEIR
OWNAUTHORS(LONDON，1860——ANEARLIEREDITIONAPPEAREDIN1839)；W。C。
CARTWRIGHT，THEJESUITS，THEIRCONSTITUTIONANDTEACHING(LONDON，1876)；E。
L。TAUNTON，THEHISTORYOFTHEJESUITSINENGLAND，1580-1773(LONDON，1901)。
SEEALSOH。BOEHMER，THEJESUITS(TRANSLATIONFROMTHEGERMAN，PHILADELPHIA，CASTLEPRESS1928)；E。GOETHEIN，IGNATIUSLOYOLAANDTHEGEGEN-REFORMATION
(HALLE，1895)；T。CAMPBELL，THEJESUITS，1534
1921(NEWYORK，1922)；E。L。TAUNTON，THEHISTORYOFTHEJESUITSIN
ENGLAND，1580-1773(LONDON，1901)。
PAGE235。THEINQUISITION——FORTHEROMANCATHOLICVIEWSEETHECATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA，VOL。8，ART。"INQUISITION"BYJOSEPHBLOTZER，P。
26FF。:ANDE。VACANDARD，THEINQUISITION:ACRITICALANDHISTORICAL
STUDYOFTHECOERCIVEPOWEROFTHECHURCH(NEWYORK:LONGMANS，GREENAND
COMPANY，1908)。
FORANANGLO-CATHOLICVIEWSEEHOFFMANNICKERSON，THEINQUISITION:A
POLITICALANDMILITARYSTUDYOFITSESTABLISHMENT。FORTHENON-CATHOLICVIEW
SEEPHILIPVANLIMBORCH，HISTORYOFTHEINQUISITION；HENRYCHARLESLEA，A
HISTORYOFTHEINQUISITIONOFTHEMIDDLEAGES，3VOLS。；AHISTORYOFTHE
INQUISITIONOFSPAIN，4VOLS。，ANDTHEINQUISITIONINTHESPANISH
DEPENDENCIES；ANDH。S。TURBERVILLE，MEDIEVALHERESYANDTHEINQUISITION
(LONDON:C。LOCKWOODANDSON，1920——AMEDIATINGVIEW)。
PAGE265。CAUSESOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION——ONTHEFAR-REACHINGCONSEQUENCES
OFTHEREJECTIONOFTHEBIBLEANDOFBIBLERELIGION，BYTHEPEOPLEOF
FRANCE，SEEH。VONSYBEL，HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，B。5，CH。1，PARS。3-7；HENRYTHOMASBUCKLE，HISTORYOFCIVILIZATIONINENGLAND，CHS。8，12，14(NEWYORK，1895，VOL。1，PP。364-366，369-371，437，540，541，550)；BLACKWOOD’SMAGAZINE，VOL。34，NO。215
(NOVEMBER，1833)，P。739；J。G。LORIMER，ANHISTORICALSKETCHOFTHE
PROTESTANTCHURCHINFRANCE，CH。8，PARS。6，7。
PAGE267。EFFORTSTOSUPPRESSANDDESTROYTHEBIBLE——THECOUNCILOF
TOULOUSE，WHICHMETABOUTTHETIMEOFTHECRUSADEAGAINSTTHEALBIGENSES，RULED:"WEPROHIBITLAYMENPOSSESSINGCOPIESOFTHEOLDANDNEWTESTAMENT……WEFORBIDTHEMMOSTSEVERELYTOHAVETHEABOVEBOOKSINTHEPOPULAR
VERNACULAR。""THELORDSOFTHEDISTRICTSSHALLCAREFULLYSEEKOUTTHE
HERETICSINDWELLINGS，HOVELS，ANDFORESTS，ANDEVENTHEIRUNDERGROUND
RETREATSSHALLBEENTIRELYWIPEDOUT。"——COUNCIL。TOLOSANUM，POPEGREGORYIX，ANNO。CHR。1229。CANONS14AND2。THISCOUNCILSATATTHETIMEOFTHE
CRUSADEAGAINSTTHEALBIGENSES。
"THISPEST[THEBIBLE]HADTAKENSUCHANEXTENSIONTHATSOMEPEOPLEHAD
688
APPOINTEDPRIESTSOFTHEIROWN，ANDEVENSOMEEVANGELISTSWHODISTORTEDAND
DESTROYEDTHETRUTHOFTHEGOSPELANDMADENEWGOSPELSFORTHEIROWNPURPOSE……(THEYKNOWTHAT)THEPREACHINGANDEXPLANATIONOFTHEBIBLEIS
ABSOLUTELYFORBIDDENTOTHELAYMEMBERS。"——ACTSOFINQUISITION，PHILIPVAN
LIMBORCH，HISTORYOFTHEINQUISITION，CHAPTER8。
THECOUNCILOFTARRAGONA，1234，RULEDTHAT:"NOONEMAYPOSSESSTHEBOOKSOF
THEOLDANDNEWTESTAMENTSINTHEROMANCELANGUAGE，ANDIFANYONEPOSSESSES
THEMHEMUSTTURNTHEMOVERTOTHELOCALBISHOPWITHINEIGHTDAYSAFTER
PROMULGATIONOFTHISDECREE，SOTHATTHEYMAYBEBURNEDLEST，BEHEACLERIC
ORALAYMAN，HEBESUSPECTEDUNTILHEISCLEAREDOFALLSUSPICION。"——D。
LORTSCH，HISTOIREDELABIBLEENFRANCE，1910，P。14。
ATTHECOUNCILOFCONSTANCE，IN1415，WYCLIFFEWASPOSTHUMOUSLYCONDEMNEDBY
ARUNDEL，THEARCHBISHOPOFCANTERBURY，AS"THATPESTILENTWRETCHOFDAMNABLE
HERESYWHOINVENTEDANEWTRANSLATIONOFTHESCRIPTURESINHISMOTHER
TONGUE。"
THEOPPOSITIONTOTHEBIBLEBYTHEROMANCATHOLICCHURCHHASCONTINUED
THROUGHTHECENTURIESANDWASINCREASEDPARTICULARLYATTHETIMEOFTHE
FOUNDINGOFBIBLESOCIETIES。ONDECEMBER8，1866，POPEPIUSIX，INHIS
ENCYCLICALQUANTACURA，ISSUEDASYLLABUSOFEIGHTYERRORSUNDERTEN
DIFFERENTHEADINGS。UNDERHEADINGIVWEFINDLISTED:"SOCIALISM，COMMUNISM，CLANDESTINESOCIETIES，BIBLESOCIETIES……PESTSOFTHISSORTMUSTBE
DESTROYEDBYALLPOSSIBLEMEANS。"
PAGE276。THEREIGNOFTERROR——FORARELIABLE，BRIEFINTRODUCTIONINTOTHE
HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONSEEL。GERSHOY，THEFRENCHREVOLUTION
(1932)；G。LEFEBVRE，THECOMINGOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION(PRINCETON，1947)；
ANDH。VONSYBEL，HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION(1869)，4VOLS。
THEMONITEUROFFICIELWASTHEGOVERNMENTPAPERATTHETIMEOFTHEREVOLUTION
ANDISAPRIMARYSOURCE，CONTAININGAFACTUALACCOUNTOFACTIONSTAKENBY
THEASSEMBLIES，FULLTEXTSOFTHEDOCUMENTS，ETC。ITHASBEENREPRINTED。SEE
ALSOA。AULARD，CHRISTIANITYANDTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION(LONDON，1927)，IN
WHICHTHEACCOUNTISCARRIEDTHROUGH
1802——ANEXCELLENTSTUDY；W。H。JERVIS，THEGALLICANCHURCHANDTHE
REVOLUTION(LONDON，1882)，ACAREFULWORKBYANANGLICAN，BUTSHOWS
PREFERENCEFORCATHOLICISM。
ONTHERELATIONOFCHURCHANDSTATEINFRANCEDURINGTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION
SEEHENRYH。WALSH，THECONCORDATEOF1801:ASTUDYOFNATIONALISMIN
RELATIONTOCHURCHANDSTATE(NEWYORK，1933)；CHARLESLEDRE，L’ENGLISEDE
FRANCESOULSLAREVOLUTION(PARIS，1949)。
SOMECONTEMPORARYSTUDIESONTHERELIGIOUSSIGNIFICANCEOFTHEREVOLUTION
AREG。CHAISDESOURCESOL，LELIVREDESMANIFESTES(AVIGNON，1800)，INWHICH
THEAUTHORENDEAVOREDTOASCERTAINTHECAUSESOFTHEUPHEAVAL，ANDITS
RELIGIOUSSIGNIFICANCE，ETC。；JAMESBICHENO，THESIGNSOFTHETIMES(LONDON，1794)；JAMESWINTHROP，ASYSTEMATICARRANGEMENTOFSEVERALSCRIPTURE
PROPHECIESRELATINGTOANTICHRIST；WITHTHEIRAPPLICATIONTOTHECOURSEOF
HISTORY
689
(BOSTON，1795)；ANDLATHROP，THEPROPHECYOFDANIELRELATINGTOTHETIMEOF
THEEND(SPRINGFIELD，MASSACHUSETTS，1811)。
FORTHECHURCHDURINGTHEREVOLUTIONSEEW。M。SLOAN，THEFRENCHREVOLUTION
ANDRELIGIOUSREFORM(1901)；P。F。LAGORCE，HISTOIRERELIGIEUSEDELA
REVOLUTION(PARIS，1909)。
ONRELATIONSWITHTHEPAPACYSEEG。BOURGIN，LAFRANCEETROMEDE
1788-1797(PARIS，1808)，BASEDONSECRETFILESINTHEVATICAN；A。
LATREILLE，L’EGLISECATHOLIQUEETLAREVOLUTION(PARIS，1950)，ESPECIALLY
INTERESTINGONPIUSVIANDTHERELIGIOUSCRISIS，1775-1799。
FORPROTESTANTSDURINGTHEREVOLUTION，SEEPRESSENSE(ED。)，THEREIGNOF
TERROR(CINCINNATI，1869)。
PAGE280。THEMASSESANDTHEPRIVILEGEDCLASSES——ONSOCIALCONDITIONS
PREVAILINGINFRANCEPRIORTOTHEPERIODOFTHEREVOLUTION，SEEH。VON
HOLST，LOWELLLECTURESONTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，LECTURE1；ALSOTAINE，ANCIENREGIME，ANDA。YOUNG，TRAVELSINFRANCE。
PAGE283。RETRIBUTION——FORFURTHERDETAILSCONCERNINGTHERETRIBUTIVE
CHARACTEROFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTIONSEETHOS。H。GILL，THEPAPALDRAMA，B。
10；EDMONDDEPRESSENSE，THECHURCHANDTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，B。3，CH。1。
PAGE284。THEATROCITIESOFTHEREIGNOFTERROR——SEEM。A。THIERS，HISTORY
OFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，VOL。3，PP。42-44，62-74，106(NEWYORK，1890，TRANSLATEDBYF。SHOBERL)；F。A。MIGNET，HISTORYOFTHEFRENCHREVOLUTION，CH。9，PAR。1(BOHN，1894)；A。ALISON，HISTORYOFEUROPE，1789-1815，VOL。1，CH。14(NEWYORK，1872，VOL。1，PP。293-312)。
PAGE287。THECIRCULATIONOFTHESCRIPTURES——IN1804，ACCORDINGTOMR。
WILLIAMCANTONOFTHEBRITISHANDFOREIGNBIBLESOCIETY，"ALLTHEBIBLES
EXTANTINTHEWORLD，INMANUSCRIPTORINPRINT，COUNTINGEVERYVERSIONIN
EVERYLAND，WERECOMPUTEDATNOTMANYMORETHANFOURMILLIONS……THE
VARIOUSLANGUAGESINWHICHTHOSEFOURMILLIONSWEREWRITTEN，INCLUDINGSUCH
BYGONESPEECHASTHEMOESO-GOTHICOFULFILASANDTHEANGLO-SAXONOFBEDE，ARESETDOWNASNUMBERINGABOUTFIFTY。"——WHATISTHEBIBLESOCIETY？REV。
ED。，1904，P。23。
THEAMERICANBIBLESOCIETYREPORTEDADISTRIBUTIONFROM1816THROUGH
1955OF481，149，365BIBLES，TESTAMENTS，ANDPORTIONSOFTESTAMENTS。TOTHIS
MAYBEADDEDOVER600，000，000BIBLESORSCRIPTUREPORTIONSDISTRIBUTEDBY
THEBRITISHANDFOREIGNBIBLESOCIETY。DURINGTHEYEAR1955ALONETHE
AMERICANBIBLESOCIETYDISTRIBUTEDAGRANDTOTALOF23，819，733BIBLES，TESTAMENTS，ANDPORTIONSOFTESTAMENTSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLD。
THESCRIPTURES，INWHOLEORINPART，HAVEBEENPRINTED，ASOFDECEMBER，1955，IN1，092LANGUAGES；ANDNEWLANGUAGESARECONSTANTLYBEINGADDED。
690
PAGE288。FOREIGNMISSIONS——THEMISSIONARYACTIVITYOFTHEEARLYCHRISTIAN
CHURCHHASNOTBEENDUPLICATEDUNTILMODERNTIMES。ITHADVIRTUALLYDIEDOUT
BYTHEYEAR1000，ANDWASSUCCEEDEDBYTHEMILITARYCAMPAIGNSOFTHE
CRUSADES。THEREFORMATIONERASAWLITTLEFOREIGNMISSIONWORK，EXCEPTONTHE
PARTOFTHEEARLYJESUITS。THEPIETISTICREVIVALPRODUCEDSOMEMISSIONARIES。
THEWORKOFTHEMORAVIANCHURCHINTHEEIGHTEENTHCENTURYWASREMARKABLE，ANDTHEREWERESOMEMISSIONARYSOCIETIESFORMEDBYTHEBRITISHFORWORKIN
COLONIZEDNORTHAMERICA。BUTTHEGREATRESURGENCEOFFOREIGNMISSIONARY
ACTIVITYBEGINSAROUNDTHEYEAR1800，AT"THETIMEOFTHEEND。"DANIEL12:4。
IN1792WASFORMEDTHEBAPTISTMISSIONARYSOCIETY，WHICHSENTCAREYTO
INDIA。IN1795THELONDONMISSIONARYSOCIETYWASORGANIZED，ANDANOTHER
SOCIETYIN1799WHICHIN1812BECAMETHECHURCHMISSIONARYSOCIETY。SHORTLY
AFTERWARDTHEWESLEYANMISSIONARYSOCIETYWASFOUNDED。INTHEUNITEDSTATES
THEAMERICANBOARDOFCOMMISSIONERSFORFOREIGNMISSIONSWASFORMEDIN1812，ANDADONIRAMJUDSONWASSENTOUTTHATYEARTOCALCUTTA。HEESTABLISHED
HIMSELFINBURMATHENEXTYEAR。IN1814THEAMERICANBAPTISTMISSIONARY
UNIONWASFORMED。THEPRESBYTERIANBOARDOFFOREIGNMISSIONSWASFORMEDIN
1837。
"INA。D。1800，……THEOVERWHELMINGMAJORITYOFCHRISTIANSWERETHE
DESCENDANTSOFTHOSEWHOHADBEENWONBEFOREA。D。1500……NOW，INTHE
NINETEENTHCENTURY，CAMEAFURTHEREXPANSIONOFCHRISTIANITY。NOTSOMANY
CONTINENTSORMAJORCOUNTRIESWEREENTEREDFORTHEFIRSTTIMEASINTHE
PRECEDINGTHREECENTURIES。THATWOULDHAVEBEENIMPOSSIBLE，FORONALLTHE
LARGERLANDMASSESOFTHEEARTHEXCEPTAUSTRALIAANDAMONGALLTHEMORE
NUMEROUSPEOPLESANDINALLTHEAREASOFHIGHCIVILIZATIONCHRISTIANITYHAD
BEENINTRODUCEDBEFOREA。D。1800。WHATNOWOCCURREDWASTHEACQUISITIONOF
FRESHFOOTHOLDSINREGIONSANDAMONGPEOPLESALREADYTOUCHED，ANEXPANSION
OFUNPRECEDENTEDEXTENTFROMBOTHTHENEWERBASESANDTHEOLDERONES，AND
THEENTRANCEOFCHRISTIANITYINTOTHELARGEMAJORITYOFSUCHCOUNTRIES，ISLANDS，PEOPLES，ANDTRIBESASHADPREVIOUSLYNOTBEENTOUCHED……
"THENINETEENTHCENTURYSPREADOFCHRISTIANITYWASDUEPRIMARILYTOANEW
BURSTOFRELIGIOUSLIFEEMANATINGFROMTHECHRISTIANIMPULSE……NEVERIN
ANYCORRESPONDINGLENGTHOFTIMEHADTHECHRISTIANIMPULSEGIVENRISETOSO
MANYNEWMOVEMENTS。NEVERHADITHADQUITESOGREATANEFFECTUPONWESTERN
EUROPEANPEOPLES。ITWASFROMTHISABOUNDINGVIGORTHATTHEREISSUEDTHE
MISSIONARYENTERPRISEWHICHDURINGTHENINETEENTHCENTURYSOAUGMENTEDTHE
NUMERICALSTRENGTHANDTHEINFLUENCEOFCHRISTIANITY。"——KENNETHSCOTT
LATOURETTE，AHISTORYOFTHEEXPANSIONOFCHRISTIANITY，VOL。IV，THEGREAT
CENTURYA。D。1800-A。D。1914(NEWYORK:HARPER&BROTHERS，1941)，PP。2-4。
PAGES327，329。PROPHETICDATES——ACCORDINGTOJEWISHRECKONINGTHEFIFTH
MONTH(AB)OFTHESEVENTHYEAROFARTAXERXES’REIGNWASFROMJULY23TO
AUGUST21，457B。C。AFTEREZRA’SARRIVALINJERUSALEMINTHEAUTUMNOFTHE
YEAR，THEDECREEOFTHEKINGWENTINTOEFFECT。FORTHECERTAINTYOFTHEDATE
457B。C。BEINGTHESEVENTHYEAROFARTAXERXES，SEES。H。HORNANDL。H。
WOOD，THE
691
CHRONOLOGYOFEZRA7(WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1953)；E。G。KRAELING，THEBROOKLYNMUSEUMARAMAICPAPYRI(NEWHAVENOR
LONDON，1953)，PP。191-193；THESEVENTH-DAYADVENTISTBIBLECOMMENTARY
(WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1954)，VOL。3，PP。
97-110。
PAGE335。FALLOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIRE——THEIMPACTOFMOSLEMTURKEYUPON
EUROPEAFTERTHEFALLOFCONSTANTINOPLEIN1453WASASSEVEREASHADBEEN
THECATASTROPHICCONQUESTSOFTHEMOSLEMSARACENS，DURINGTHECENTURYANDA
HALFAFTERTHEDEATHOFMOHAMMED，UPONTHEEASTERNROMANEMPIRE。THROUGHOUT
THEREFORMATIONERA，TURKEYWASACONTINUALTHREATATTHEEASTERNGATESOF
EUROPEANCHRISTENDOM；THEWRITINGSOFTHEREFORMERSAREFULLOFCONDEMNATION
OFTHEOTTOMANPOWER。CHRISTIANWRITERSSINCEHAVEBEENCONCERNEDWITHTHE
ROLEOFTURKEYINFUTUREWORLDEVENTS，ANDCOMMENTATORSONPROPHECYHAVE
SEENTURKISHPOWERANDITSDECLINEFORECASTINSCRIPTURE。
FORTHELATTERCHAPTER，UNDERTHE"HOUR，DAY，MONTH，YEAR"PROPHECY，ASPART
OFTHESIXTHTRUMPET，JOSIAHLITCHWORKEDOUTANAPPLICATIONOFTHETIME
PROPHECY，TERMINATINGTURKISHINDEPENDENCEINAUGUST，1840。LITCH’SVIEWCAN
BEFOUNDINFULLINHISTHEPROBABILITYOFTHESECONDCOMINGOFCHRISTABOUT
A。D。1843(PUBLISHEDINJUNE，1838)；ANADDRESSTOTHECLERGY(PUBLISHEDIN
THESPRINGOF1840；ASECONDEDITION，WITHHISTORICALDATAINSUPPORTOFTHE
ACCURACYOFFORMERCALCULATIONSOFTHEPROPHETICPERIODEXTENDINGTOTHE
FALLOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIRE，WASPUBLISHEDIN1841)；ANDANARTICLEINSIGNS
OFTHETIMESANDEXPOSITOROFPROPHECY，AUG。1，1840。SEEALSOARTICLEIN
SIGNSOFTHETIMESANDEXPOSITOROFPROPHECY，FEB。1，1841；ANDJ。N。
LOUGHBOROUGH，THEGREATADVENTMOVEMENT(1905ED。)，PP。129-132。THEBOOKBY
URIAHSMITH，THOUGHTSONDANIELANDTHEREVELATION，REV。ED。OF1944，DISCUSSESTHEPROPHETICTIMINGOFTHISPROPHECYONPAGES506-517。
FORTHEEARLIERHISTORYOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIREANDTHEDECLINEOFTHETURKISH
POWER，SEEALSOWILLIAMMILLER，THEOTTOMANEMPIREANDITSSUCCESSORS，1801-1927(CAMBRIDGE，ENGLAND:UNIVERSITYPRESS，1936)；GEORGEG。S。L。
EVERSLEY，THETURKISHEMPIREFROM1288TO1914(LONDON:T。FISHERUNWIN，LTD。，2DED。，1923)；JOSEPHVONHAMMER-PURGSTALL，GESCHICHTEDES
OSMANNISCHENREICHES(PESTH:C。A。HARTLEBEN，2DED。，1834-36)，4VOLS。；
HERBERTA。GIBBONS，FOUNDATIONOFTHEOTTOMANEMPIRE，1300-1403(OXFORD:
UNIVERSITYPRESS，1916)；ARNOLDJ。TOYNBEEANDKENNETHB。KIRKWOOD，TURKEY
(LONDON，1926)。
PAGE340。WITHHOLDINGTHEBIBLEFROMTHEPEOPLE——THEREADERWILLRECOGNIZE
THATTHETEXTOFTHISVOLUMEWASWRITTENPRIORTOVATICANCOUNCILII，WITH
ITSSOMEWHATALTEREDPOLICIESINREGARDTOTHEREADINGOFTHESCRIPTURES。
THROUGHTHECENTURIES，THEATTITUDEOFTHEROMANCATHOLICCHURCHTOWARD
CIRCULATIONOFTHEHOLYSCRIPTURESINVERNACULARVERSIONSAMONGTHELAITY
SHOWSUPASNEGATIVE。SEEFOREXAMPLEG。P。FISHER，THEREFORMATION，CH。15，692
PAR。16(1873ED。，PP。530-532)；J。CARDINALGIBBONS，THEFAITHOFOUR
FATHERS，CH。8(49THED。，1897)，PP。98-117；JOHNDOWLING，HISTORYOF
ROMANISM，B。7，CH。2，SEC。14；ANDB。9，CH。3，SECS。24-27(1871ED。，PP。
491-496，621-625)；L。F。BUNGENER，HISTORYOFTHECOUNCILOFTRENT，PP。
101-110(2DEDINBURGHED。，1853，TRANSLATEDBYD。D。SCOTT)；G。H。PUTNAM，BOOKSANDTHEIRMAKERSDURINGTHEMIDDLEAGES，VOL。1，PT。2，CH。2，PARS。
49，54-56。SEEALSOINDEXOFPROHIBITEDBOOKS(VATICANPOLYGLOTPRESS，1930)，PP。IX，X；TIMOTHYHURLEY，ACOMMENTARYONTHEPRESENTINDEX
LEGISLATION(NEWYORK:BENZIGERBROTHERS，1908)，P。
71；TRANSLATIONOFTHEGREATENCYCLICALLETTERSOFLEOXIII(NEW
YORK:BENZIGERBROTHERS，1903)，P。413。
BUTINRECENTYEARSADRAMATICANDPOSITIVECHANGEHASOCCURREDINTHIS
RESPECT。ONTHEONEHAND，THECHURCHHASAPPROVEDSEVERALVERSIONSPREPARED
ONTHEBASISOFTHEORIGINALLANGUAGES；ONTHEOTHER，ITHASPROMOTEDTHE
STUDYOFTHEHOLYSCRIPTURESBYMEANSOFFREEDISTRIBUTIONANDBIBLE
INSTITUTES。THECHURCH，HOWEVER，CONTINUESTORESERVEFORHERSELFTHE
EXCLUSIVERIGHTTOINTERPRETTHEBIBLEINTHELIGHTOFHEROWNTRADITION，THUSJUSTIFYINGTHOSEDOCTRINESTHATDONOTHARMONIZEWITHBIBLICAL
TEACHINGS。
PAGE373。ASCENSIONROBES——THESTORYTHATTHEADVENTISTSMADEROBESWITH
WHICHTOASCEND"TOMEETTHELORDINTHEAIR，"WASINVENTEDBYTHOSEWHO
WISHEDTOREPROACHTHEADVENTPREACHING。ITWASCIRCULATEDSOINDUSTRIOUSLY
THATMANYBELIEVEDIT，BUTCAREFULINQUIRYPROVEDITSFALSITY。FORMANY
YEARSASUBSTANTIALREWARDWASOFFEREDFORPROOFTHATONESUCHINSTANCEEVER
OCCURRED，BUTNOPROOFHASBEENPRODUCED。NONEWHOLOVEDTHEAPPEARINGOF
THESAVIOURWERESOIGNORANTOFTHETEACHINGSOFTHESCRIPTURESASTO
SUPPOSETHATROBESWHICHTHEYCOULDMAKEWOULDBENECESSARYFORTHAT
OCCASION。THEONLYROBEWHICHTHESAINTSWILLNEEDTOMEETTHELORDISTHE
RIGHTEOUSNESSOFCHRIST。SEEISAIAH61:10；REVELATION19:8。
FORATHOROUGHREFUTATIONOFTHELEGENDOFASCENSIONROBES，SEEFRANCISD。
NICHOL，MIDNIGHTCRY(WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1944)，CHS。25-27，ANDAPPENDICESH-J。SEEALSOLEROYEDWINFROOM，PROPHETIC
FAITHOFOURFATHERS(WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1954)，VOL。4，PP。822-826。
PAGE374。THECHRONOLOGYOFPROPHECY——DR。GEORGEBUSH，PROFESSOROFHEBREW
ANDORIENTALLITERATUREINTHENEWYORKCITYUNIVERSITY，INALETTER
ADDRESSEDTOWILLIAMMILLERANDPUBLISHEDINTHEADVENTHERALDANDSIGNSOF
THETIMESREPORTER，BOSTON，MARCH6AND13，1844，MADESOMEIMPORTANT
ADMISSIONSRELATIVETOHISCALCULATIONOFTHEPROPHETICTIMES。DR。BUSH
WROTE:
"NEITHERISITTOBEOBJECTED，ASICONCEIVE，TOYOURSELFORYOURFRIENDS，THATYOUHAVEDEVOTEDMUCHTIMEANDATTENTIONTOTHESTUDYOFTHECHRONOLOGY
OFPROPHECY，ANDHAVELABOREDMUCHTODETERMINETHECOMMENCINGANDCLOSING
DATESOFITSGREATPERIODS。IFTHESEPERIODSAREACTUALLYGIVENBYTHEHOLY
GHOSTINTHEPROPHETICBOOKS，ITWASDOUBTLESSWITHTHEDESIGNTHATTHEY
693
MEDE，SIRISAACNEWTON，BISHOPNEWTON，KIRBY，SCOTT，KEITH，ANDAHOSTOF
OTHERSWHOHAVELONGSINCECOMETOSUBSTANTIALLYYOURCONCLUSIONSONTHIS
HEAD。THEYALLAGREETHATTHELEADINGPERIODSMENTIONEDBYDANIELANDJOHN，DOACTUALLYEXPIREABOUTTHISAGEOFTHEWORLD，ANDITWOULDBEASTRANGE
LOGICTHATWOULDCONVICTYOUOFHERESYFORHOLDINGINEFFECTTHESAMEVIEWS
WHICHSTANDFORTHSOPROMINENTINTHENOTICESOFTHESEEMINENTDIVINES。"
"YOURRESULTSINTHISFIELDOFINQUIRYDONOTSTRIKEMESOFAROUTOFTHE
WAYASTOAFFECTANYOFTHEGREATINTERESTSOFTRUTHORDUTY。""YOURERROR，ASIAPPREHEND，LIESINANOTHERDIRECTIONTHANYOURCHRONOLOGY。""YOUHAVE
ENTIRELYMISTAKENTHENATUREOFTHEEVENTSWHICHARETOOCCURWHENTHOSE
PERIODSHAVEEXPIRED。THISISTHEHEADANDFRONTOFYOUREXPOSITORY
OFFENDING。"SEEALSOLEROYEDWINFROOM，PROPHETICFAITHOFOURFATHERS
(WASHINGTON，D。C。:REVIEWANDHERALDPUBLISHINGASSN。，1950)，VOL。1，CHS。
1，2。
PAGE435。ATHREEFOLDMESSAGE——REVELATION14:6，7FORETELLSTHE
PROCLAMATIONOFTHEFIRSTANGEL’SMESSAGE。THENTHEPROPHETCONTINUES:
"THEREFOLLOWEDANOTHERANGEL，SAYING，BABYLONISFALLEN，ISFALLEN……
ANDTHETHIRDANGELFOLLOWEDTHEM。"THEWORDHERERENDERED"FOLLOWED"MEANS
"TOGOALONGWITH，""TOFOLLOWONE，""GOWITHHIM。"SEEHENRYGEORGELIDDELL
ANDROBERTSCOTT，GREEKENGLISHLEXICON(OXFORD:CLARENDONPRESS，1940)，VOL。1，P。52。ITALSOMEANS"TOACCOMPANY。"SEEGEORGEABBOTT-SMITH，A
MANUALGREEKLEXICONOFTHENEWTESTAMENT(EDINBURGH:T。ANDT。CLARK，1950)，PAGE17。ITISTHESAMEWORDTHATISUSEDINMARK5:24，"JESUSWENT
WITHHIM；ANDMUCHPEOPLEFOLLOWEDHIM，ANDTHRONGEDHIM。"ITISALSOUSED
OFTHEREDEEMEDONEHUNDREDANDFORTY-FOURTHOUSAND，REVELATION14:4，WHERE
ITISSAID，"THESEARETHEYWHICHFOLLOWTHELAMBWHITHERSOEVERHEGOETH。"
INBOTHTHESEPLACESITISEVIDENTTHATTHEIDEAINTENDEDTOBECONVEYEDIS
THATOF"GOINGTOGETHER，""INCOMPANYWITH。"SOIN1CORINTHIANS10:4，WHERE
WEREADOFTHECHILDRENOFISRAELTHAT"THEYDRANKOFTHATSPIRITUALROCK
THATFOLLOWEDTHEM，"THEWORD"FOLLOWED"ISTRANSLATEDFROMTHESAMEGREEK
WORD，ANDTHEMARGINHASIT，"WENTWITHTHEM。"FROMTHISWELEARNTHATTHE
IDEAINREVELATION14:8，9ISNOTSIMPLYTHATTHESECONDANDTHIRDANGELS
FOLLOWEDTHEFIRSTINPOINTOFTIME，BUTTHATTHEYWENTWITHHIM。THETHREE
MESSAGESAREBUTONETHREEFOLDMESSAGE。THEYARETHREEONLYINTHEORDEROF
THEIRRISE。BUTHAVINGRISEN，THEYGOONTOGETHERANDAREINSEPARABLE。
PAGE447。SUPREMACYOFTHEBISHOPSOFROME——FORTHELEADINGCIRCUMSTANCES
INTHEASSUMPTIONOFSUPREMACYBYTHEBISHOPSOFROME，SEEROBERTFRANCIS
CARDINALBELLARMINE，POWEROFTHEPOPESINTEMPORALAFFAIRS(THEREISAN
ENGLISHTRANSLATIONINTHELIBRARYOFCONGRESS，WASHINGTON，D。C。)；HENRY
EDWARDCARDINALMANNING，THETEMPORALPOWEROFTHEVICAROFJESUSCHRIST
(LONDON:BURNSANDLAMBERT，2DED。，1862)；ANDJAMESCARDINALGIBBONS，FAITH
OFOURFATHERS(BALTIMORE:JOHNMURPHYCO。，110THED。，1917)，CHS。5，9，10，12。FORPROTESTANTAUTHORSSEETREVORGERVASEJALLAND，THECHURCHANDTHE
PAPACY(LONDON:SOCIETYFORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE，1944，ABAMP
694
(LONDON:BURNSANDLAMBERT，2DED。，1862)；ANDJAMESCARDINALGIBBONS，FAITH
OFOURFATHERS(BALTIMORE:JOHNMURPHYCO。，110THED。，1917)，CHS。5，9，10，12。FORPROTESTANTAUTHORSSEETREVORGERVASEJALLAND，THECHURCHANDTHE
PAPACY(LONDON:SOCIETYFORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE，1944，ABAMPTON
LECTURE)；ANDRICHARDFREDERICKLITTLEDALE，PETRINECLAIMS(LONDON:SOCIETY
FORPROMOTINGCHRISTIANKNOWLEDGE，1899)。FORSOURCESOFTHEEARLYCENTURIES
OFTHEPETRINETHEORY，SEEJAMEST。SHOTWELLANDLOUISEROPESLOOMIS，THE
SEEOFPETER(NEWYORK:COLUMBIAUNIVERSITYPRESS，1927)。FORTHEFALSE
"DONATIONOFCONSTANTINE"SEECHRISTOPHERB。COLEMAN，THETREATISEOF
LORENZOVALLAONTHEDONATIONOFCONSTANTINE(NEWYORK，1914)，WHICHGIVES
THEFULLLATINTEXTANDTRANSLATION，ANDACOMPLETECRITICISMOFTHE
DOCUMENTANDITSTHESIS。
PAGE565。WITHHOLDINGTHEBIBLEFROMTHEPEOPLE——SEENOTEFORPAGE340。
PAGE578。THEETHIOPIANCHURCHANDTHESABBATH——UNTILRATHERRECENTYEARS
THECOPTICCHURCHOFETHIOPIAOBSERVEDTHESEVENTH-DAYSABBATH。THE
ETHIOPIANSALSOKEPTSUNDAY，THEFIRSTDAYOFTHEWEEK，THROUGHOUTTHEIR
HISTORYASACHRISTIANPEOPLE。THESEDAYSWEREMARKEDBYSPECIALSERVICESIN
THECHURCHES。THEOBSERVANCEOFTHESEVENTH-DAYSABBATHHAS，HOWEVER，VIRTUALLYCEASEDINMODERNETHIOPIA。FOREYEWITNESSACCOUNTSOFRELIGIOUS
DAYSINETHIOPIA，SEEPEROGOMESDETEIXEIRA，THEDISCOVERYOFABYSSINIABY
THEPORTUGUESEIN1520(TRANSLATEDINENGLISHINLONDON:BRITISHMUSEUM，1938)，P。79；FATHERFRANCISCOALVEREZ，NARRATIVEOFTHEPORTUGUESEEMBASSY
TOABYSSINIADURINGTHEYEARS1520-1527，INTHERECORDSOFTHEHAKLUYT
SOCIETY(LONDON，1881)，VOL。64，PP。22-49；MICHAELRUSSELL，NUBIAAND
ABYSSINIA(QUOTINGFATHERLOBO，CATHOLICMISSIONARYINETHIOPIAIN1622)
(NEWYORK:HARPER&BROTHERS，1837)，PP。
226-229；S。GIACOMOBARATTI，LATETRAVELSINTOTHEREMOTECOUNTRIESOF
ABYSSINIA(LONDON:BENJAMINBILLINGSLEY，1670)，PP。134-137；JOBLUDOLPHUS，ANEWHISTORYFORETHIOPIA(LONDON:S。SMITH，1682)，PP。
234-357；SAMUELGOBAT，JOURNALOFTHREEYEARS’RESIDENCEINABYSSINIA
(NEWYORK:ED。OF1850)，PP。55-58，83-98。FOROTHERWORKSTOUCHINGUPONTHE
QUESTION，SEEPETERHEYLYN，HISTORYOFTHESABBATH，2DED。，1636，VOL。2，PP。198-200；ARTHURP。STANLEY，LECTURESONTHEHISTORYOFTHEEASTERN
CHURCH(NEWYORK:CHARLESSCRIBNER’SSONS，1882)，LECTURE1，PAR。1；C。F。
REY，ROMANCEOFTHEPORTUGUESEINABYSSINIA(LONDON:F。H。ANDG。WITHERLEY，1929)，PP。59，253-297。
TheEnd