第12章

Morethan5000oftheImperialistswereleftuponthefield，andnearlyasmanytakenprisoners。Theirwholeartillery，consistingof46field-pieces，thesilverplateandportfolioofthearchduke，withthewholebaggageofthearmy，fellintothehandsofthevictors。

Torstensohn，toogreatlydisabledbyhisvictorytopursuetheenemy，moveduponLeipzig。ThedefeatedarmyretiredintoBohemia，whereitsshatteredregimentsreassembled。TheArchdukeLeopoldcouldnotrecoverfromthevexationcausedbythisdefeat；

andtheregimentofcavalrywhich，byitsprematureflight，hadoccasionedthedisaster，experiencedtheeffectsofhisindignation。

AtRaconitzinBohemia，inpresenceofthewholearmy，hepubliclydeclareditinfamous，depriveditofitshorses，arms，andensigns，ordereditsstandardstobetorn，condemnedtodeathseveraloftheofficers，anddecimatedtheprivates。

ThesurrenderofLeipzig，threeweeksafterthebattle，wasitsbrilliantresult。ThecitywasobligedtoclothetheSwedishtroopsanew，andtopurchaseanexemptionfromplunder，byacontributionof300，000rix-dollars，towhichalltheforeignmerchants，whohadwarehousesinthecity，weretofurnishtheirquota。

Inthemiddleofwinter，TorstensohnadvancedagainstFreyberg，andforseveralweeksdefiedtheinclemencyoftheseason，hopingbyhisperseverancetowearyouttheobstinacyofthebesieged。

Buthefoundthathewasmerelysacrificingthelivesofhissoldiers；

andatlast，theapproachoftheimperialgeneral，Piccolomini，compelledhim，withhisweakenedarmy，toretire。Heconsideredit，however，asequivalenttoavictory，tohavedisturbedthereposeoftheenemyintheirwinterquarters，who，bytheseverityoftheweather，sustainedalossof3000horses。HenowmadeamovementtowardstheOder，asifwiththeviewofreinforcinghimselfwiththegarrisonsofPomeraniaandSilesia；but，withtherapidityoflightning，heagainappearedupontheBohemianfrontier，penetratedthroughthatkingdom，andrelievedOlmutzinMoravia，whichwashardpressedbytheImperialists。

HiscampatDobitschau，twomilesfromOlmutz，commandedthewholeofMoravia，onwhichheleviedheavycontributions，andcarriedhisravagesalmosttothegatesofVienna。InvaindidtheEmperorattempttoarmtheHungariannobilityindefenceofthisprovince；

theyappealedtotheirprivileges，andrefusedtoservebeyondthelimitsoftheirowncountry。Thus，thetimethatshouldhavebeenspentinactiveresistance，waslostinfruitlessnegociation，andtheentireprovincewasabandonedtotheravagesoftheSwedes。

WhileTorstensohn，byhismarchesandhisvictories，astonishedfriendandfoe，thearmiesoftheallieshadnotbeeninactiveinotherpartsoftheempire。ThetroopsofHesse，underCountEberstein，andthoseofWeimar，underMareschaldeGuebriant，hadfallenintotheElectorateofCologne，inordertotakeuptheirwinterquartersthere。

Togetridofthesetroublesomeguests，theElectorcalledtohisassistancetheimperialgeneralHatzfeldt，andassembledhisowntroopsunderGeneralLamboy。ThelatterwasattackedbythealliesinJanuary，1642，andinadecisiveactionnearKempen，defeated，withthelossofabout2000menkilled，andabouttwiceasmanyprisoners。

ThisimportantvictoryopenedtothemthewholeElectorateandneighbouringterritories，sothattheallieswerenotonlyenabledtomaintaintheirwinterquartersthere，butdrewfromthecountrylargesuppliesofmenandhorses。

GuebriantlefttheHessianstodefendtheirconquestsontheLowerRhineagainstHatzfeldt，andadvancedtowardsThuringia，asiftosecondtheoperationsofTorstensohninSaxony。ButinsteadofjoiningtheSwedes，hesoonhurriedbacktotheRhineandtheMaine，fromwhichheseemedtothinkhehadremovedfartherthanwasexpedient。ButbeinganticipatedintheMargraviateofBaden，bytheBavariansunderMercyandJohndeWerth，hewasobligedtowanderaboutforseveralweeks，exposed，withoutshelter，totheinclemencyofthewinter，andgenerallyencampinguponthesnow，tillhefoundamiserablerefugeinBreisgau。Heatlasttookthefield；

and，inthenextsummer，bykeepingtheBavarianarmyemployedinSuabia，preventeditfromrelievingThionville，whichwasbesiegedbyConde。

ButthesuperiorityoftheenemysoondrovehimbacktoAlsace，whereheawaitedareinforcement。

ThedeathofCardinalRichelieutookplaceinNovember，1642，andthesubsequentchangeinthethroneandintheministry，occasionedbythedeathofLouisXIII。，hadforsometimewithdrawntheattentionofFrancefromtheGermanwar，andwasthecauseoftheinactionofitstroopsinthefield。

ButMazarin，theinheritor，notonlyofRichelieu’spower，butalsoofhisprinciplesandhisprojects，followedoutwithrenewedzealtheplansofhispredecessor，thoughtheFrenchsubjectwasdestinedtopaydearlyenoughforthepoliticalgreatnessofhiscountry。

Themainstrengthofitsarmies，whichRichelieuhademployedagainsttheSpaniards，wasbyMazarindirectedagainsttheEmperor；

andtheanxietywithwhichhecarriedonthewarinGermany，provedthesincerityofhisopinion，thattheGermanarmywastherightarmofhisking，andawallofsafetyaroundFrance。

ImmediatelyuponthesurrenderofThionville，hesentaconsiderablereinforcementtoField-MarshalGuebriantinAlsace；

andtoencouragethetroopstobearthefatiguesoftheGermanwar，thecelebratedvictorofRocroi，theDukeofEnghien，afterwardsPrinceofConde，wasplacedattheirhead。

GuebriantnowfelthimselfstrongenoughtoappearagaininGermanywithrepute。HehastenedacrosstheRhinewiththeviewofprocuringbetterwinterquartersinSuabia，andactuallymadehimselfmasterofRothweil，whereaBavarianmagazinefellintohishands。

Buttheplacewastoodearlypurchasedforitsworth，andwasagainlostevenmorespeedilythanithadbeentaken。Guebriantreceivedawoundinthearm，whichthesurgeon’sunskilfulnessrenderedmortal，andtheextentofhislosswasfeltontheverydayofhisdeath。

TheFrencharmy，sensiblyweakenedbyanexpeditionundertakenatsosevereaseasonoftheyear，had，afterthetakingofRothweil，withdrawnintotheneighbourhoodofDuttlingen，whereitlayincompletesecurity，withoutexpectationofahostileattack。

Inthemeantime，theenemycollectedaconsiderableforce，withaviewtopreventtheFrenchfromestablishingthemselvesbeyondtheRhineandsoneartoBavaria，andtoprotectthatquarterfromtheirravages。

TheImperialists，underHatzfeldt，hadformedajunctionwiththeBavariansunderMercy；andtheDukeofLorraine，who，duringthewholecourseofthewar，wasgenerallyfoundeverywhereexceptinhisownduchy，joinedtheirunitedforces。

ItwasresolvedtoforcethequartersoftheFrenchinDuttlingen，andtheneighbouringvillages，bysurprise；afavouritemodeofproceedinginthiswar，andwhich，beingcommonlyaccompaniedbyconfusion，occasionedmorebloodshedthanaregularbattle。Onthepresentoccasion，therewasthemoretojustifyit，astheFrenchsoldiers，unaccustomedtosuchenterprises，conceivedthemselvesprotectedbytheseverityofthewinteragainstanysurprise。JohndeWerth，amasterinthisspeciesofwarfare，whichhehadoftenputinpracticeagainstGustavusHorn，conductedtheenterprise，andsucceeded，contrarytoallexpectation。

Theattackwasmadeonasidewhereitwasleastlookedfor，onaccountofthewoodsandnarrowpasses，andaheavysnowstormwhichfelluponthesameday，(the24thNovember，1643，)

concealedtheapproachofthevanguardtillithaltedbeforeDuttlingen。

Thewholeoftheartillerywithouttheplace，aswellastheneighbouringCastleofHonberg，weretakenwithoutresistance，Duttlingenitselfwasgraduallysurroundedbytheenemy，andallconnexionwiththeotherquartersintheadjacentvillagessilentlyandsuddenlycutoff。TheFrenchwerevanquishedwithoutfiringacannon。Thecavalryowedtheirescapetotheswiftnessoftheirhorses，andthefewminutesinadvance，whichtheyhadgainedupontheirpursuers。Theinfantrywerecuttopieces，orvoluntarilylaiddowntheirarms。About2，000menwerekilled，and7，000，with25staff-officersand90captains，takenprisoners。

Thiswas，perhaps，theonlybattle，inthewholecourseofthewar，whichproducednearlythesameeffectuponthepartywhichgained，andthatwhichlost；——boththesepartieswereGermans；

theFrenchdisgracedthemselves。Thememoryofthisunfortunateday，whichwasrenewed100yearsafteratRosbach，wasindeederasedbythesubsequentheroismofaTurenneandConde；buttheGermansmaybepardoned，iftheyindemnifiedthemselvesforthemiserieswhichthepolicyofFrancehadheapeduponthem，bytheseseverereflectionsuponherintrepidity。

Meantime，thisdefeatoftheFrenchwascalculatedtoprovehighlydisastroustoSweden，asthewholepoweroftheEmperormightnowactagainstthem，whilethenumberoftheirenemieswasincreasedbyaformidableaccession。

Torstensohnhad，inSeptember，1643，suddenlyleftMoravia，andmovedintoSilesia。Thecauseofthisstepwasasecret，andthefrequentchangeswhichtookplaceinthedirectionofhismarch，contributedtoincreasethisperplexity。FromSilesia，afternumberlesscircuits，headvancedtowardstheElbe，whiletheImperialistsfollowedhimintoLusatia。ThrowingabridgeacrosstheElbeatTorgau，hegaveoutthatheintendedtopenetratethroughMeissenintotheUpperPalatinateinBavaria；

atBarbyhealsomadeamovement，asiftopassthatriver，butcontinuedtomovedowntheElbeasfarasHavelburg，whereheastonishedhistroopsbyinformingthemthathewasleadingthemagainsttheDanesinHolstein。

ThepartialitywhichChristianIV。haddisplayedagainsttheSwedesinhisofficeofmediator，thejealousywhichledhimtodoallinhispowertohindertheprogressoftheirarms，therestraintswhichhelaidupontheirnavigationoftheSound，andtheburdenswhichheimposedupontheircommerce，hadlongrousedtheindignationofSweden；and，atlast，whenthesegrievancesincreaseddaily，haddeterminedtheRegencytomeasuresofretaliation。Dangerousasitseemed，toinvolvethenationinanewwar，when，evenamidstitsconquests，itwasalmostexhaustedbytheold，thedesireofrevenge，andthedeep-rootedhatredwhichsubsistedbetweenDanesandSwedes，prevailedoverallotherconsiderations；

andeventheembarrassmentinwhichhostilitieswithGermanyhadplungedit，onlyservedasanadditionalmotivetotryitsfortuneagainstDenmark。

Matterswere，infact，arrivedatlasttothatextremity，thatthewarwasprosecutedmerelyforthepurposeoffurnishingfoodandemploymenttothetroops；thatgoodwinterquartersformedthechiefsubjectofcontention；andthatsuccess，inthispoint，wasmorevaluedthanadecisivevictory。ButnowtheprovincesofGermanywerealmostallexhaustedandlaidwaste。Theywerewhollydestituteofprovisions，horses，andmen，whichinHolsteinweretobefoundinprofusion。Ifbythismovement，Torstensohnshouldsucceedmerelyinrecruitinghisarmy，providingsubsistenceforhishorsesandsoldiers，andremountinghiscavalry，allthedangeranddifficultywouldbewellrepaid。Besides，itwashighlyimportant，ontheeveofnegotiationsforpeace，todiminishtheinjuriousinfluencewhichDenmarkmightexerciseuponthesedeliberations，todelaythetreatyitself，whichthreatenedtobeprejudicialtotheSwedishinterests，bysowingconfusionamongthepartiesinterested，andwithaviewtotheamountofindemnification，toincreasethenumberofherconquests，inordertobethemoresureofsecuringthosewhichaloneshewasanxioustoretain。Moreover，thepresentstateofDenmarkjustifiedevengreaterhopes，ifonlytheattemptwereexecutedwithrapidityandsilence。ThesecretwasinfactsowellkeptinStockholm，thattheDanishministerhadnottheslightestsuspicionofit；

andneitherFrancenorHollandwereletintothescheme。Actualhostilitiescommencedwiththedeclarationofwar；andTorstensohnwasinHolstein，beforeevenanattackwasexpected。TheSwedishtroops，meetingwithnoresistance，quicklyoverranthisduchy，andmadethemselvesmastersofallitsstrongplaces，exceptRensburgandGluckstadt。

AnotherarmypenetratedintoSchonen，whichmadeaslittleopposition；

andnothingbuttheseverityoftheseasonpreventedtheenemyfrompassingtheLesserBaltic，andcarryingthewarintoFunenandZealand。

TheDanishfleetwasunsuccessfulatFemern；andChristianhimself，whowasonboard，losthisrighteyebyasplinter。CutofffromallcommunicationwiththedistantforceoftheEmperor，hisally，thiskingwasonthepointofseeinghiswholekingdomoverrunbytheSwedes；

andallthingsthreatenedthespeedyfulfilmentoftheoldprophecyofthefamousTychoBrahe，thatintheyear1644，ChristianIV。shouldwanderinthegreatestmiseryfromhisdominions。

ButtheEmperorcouldnotlookonwithindifference，whileDenmarkwassacrificedtoSweden，andthelatterstrengthenedbysogreatanacquisition。

Notwithstandinggreatdifficultieslayinthewayofsolongamarchthroughdesolatedprovinces，hedidnothesitatetodespatchanarmyintoHolsteinunderCountGallas，who，afterPiccolomini’sretirement，hadresumedthesupremecommandofthetroops。Gallasaccordinglyappearedintheduchy，tookKeil，andhoped，byformingajunctionwiththeDanes，tobeabletoshutuptheSwedisharmyinJutland。Meantime，theHessians，andtheSwedishGeneralKoenigsmark，werekeptincheckbyHatzfeldt，andtheArchbishopofBremen，thesonofChristianIV。；andafterwardstheSwedesdrawnintoSaxonybyanattackuponMeissen。ButTorstensohn，withhisaugmentedarmy，penetratedthroughtheunoccupiedpassbetwixtSchleswigandStapelholm，metGallas，anddrovehimalongthewholecourseoftheElbe，asfarasBernburg，wheretheImperialiststookupanentrenchedposition。TorstensohnpassedtheSaal，andbypostinghimselfintherearoftheenemy，cutofftheircommunicationwithSaxonyandBohemia。Scarcityandfaminebegannowtodestroythemingreatnumbers，andforcedthemtoretreattoMagdeburg，where，however，theywerenotmuchbetteroff。Thecavalry，whichendeavouredtoescapeintoSilesia，wasovertakenandroutedbyTorstensohn，nearJuterbock；

therestofthearmy，afteravainattempttofightitswaythroughtheSwedishlines，wasalmostwhollydestroyednearMagdeburg。

Fromthisexpedition，Gallasbroughtbackonlyafewthousandmenofallhisformidableforce，andthereputationofbeingaconsummatemasterintheartofruininganarmy。TheKingofDenmark，afterthisunsuccessfulefforttorelievehim，suedforpeace，whichheobtainedatBremseborintheyear1645，underveryunfavourableconditions。

Torstensohnrapidlyfolloweduphisvictory；andwhileAxelLilienstern，oneofthegeneralswhocommandedunderhim，overawedSaxony，andKoenigsmarksubduedthewholeofBremen，hehimselfpenetratedintoBohemiawith16，000menand80piecesofartillery，andendeavouredasecondtimetoremovetheseatofwarintothehereditarydominionsofAustria。Ferdinand，uponthisintelligence，hastenedinpersontoPrague，inordertoanimatethecourageofthepeoplebyhispresence；andasaskilfulgeneralwasmuchrequired，andsolittleunanimityprevailedamongthenumerousleaders，hehopedintheimmediateneighbourhoodofthewartobeabletogivemoreenergyandactivity。Inobediencetohisorders，HatzfeldtassembledthewholeAustrianandBavarianforce，andcontrarytohisowninclinationandadvice，formedtheEmperor’slastarmy，andthelastbulwarkofhisstates，inorderofbattle，tomeettheenemy，whowereapproaching，atJankowitz，onthe24thofFebruary，1645。

Ferdinanddependeduponhiscavalry，whichoutnumberedthatoftheenemyby3000，anduponthepromiseoftheVirginMary，whohadappearedtohiminadream，andgivenhimthestrongestassurancesofacompletevictory。

ThesuperiorityoftheImperialistsdidnotintimidateTorstensohn，whowasnotaccustomedtonumberhisantagonists。Ontheveryfirstonset，theleftwing，whichGoetz，thegeneraloftheLeague，hadentangledinadisadvantageouspositionamongmarshesandthickets，wastotallyrouted；

thegeneral，withthegreaterpartofhismen，killed，andalmostthewholeammunitionofthearmytaken。Thisunfortunatecommencementdecidedthefateoftheday。TheSwedes，constantlyadvancing，successivelycarriedallthemostcommandingheights。

Afterabloodyengagementofeighthours，adesperateattackonthepartoftheImperialcavalry，andavigorousresistancebytheSwedishinfantry，thelatterremainedinpossessionofthefield。

2，000Austrianswerekilleduponthespot，andHatzfeldthimself，with3，000men，takenprisoners。Thus，onthesameday，didtheEmperorlosehisbestgeneralandhislastarmy。

ThisdecisivevictoryatJancowitz，atonceexposedalltheAustrianterritorytotheenemy。FerdinandhastilyfledtoVienna，toprovideforitsdefence，andtosavehisfamilyandhistreasures。Inaveryshorttime，thevictoriousSwedespoured，likeaninundation，uponMoraviaandAustria。

AftertheyhadsubduednearlythewholeofMoravia，investedBrunn，andtakenallthestrongholdsasfarastheDanube，andcarriedtheintrenchmentsattheWolf’sBridge，nearVienna，theyatlastappearedinsightofthatcapital，whilethecarewhichtheyhadtakentofortifytheirconquests，showedthattheirvisitwasnotlikelytobeashortone。AfteralonganddestructivecircuitthrougheveryprovinceofGermany，thestreamofwarhadatlastrolledbackwardstoitssource，andtheroaroftheSwedishartillerynowremindedtheterrifiedinhabitantsofthoseballswhich，twenty-sevenyearsbefore，theBohemianrebelshadfiredintoVienna。

Thesametheatreofwarbroughtagainsimilaractorsonthescene。

TorstensohninvitedRagotsky，thesuccessorofBethlenGabor，tohisassistance，astheBohemianrebelshadsolicitedthatofhispredecessor；UpperHungarywasalreadyinundatedbyhistroops，andhisunionwiththeSwedeswasdailyapprehended。TheElectorofSaxony，driventodespairbytheSwedestakinguptheirquarterswithinhisterritories，andabandonedbytheEmperor，who，afterthedefeatatJankowitz，wasunabletodefendhimself，atlengthadoptedthelastandonlyexpedientwhichremained，andconcludedatrucewithSweden，whichwasrenewedfromyeartoyear，tillthegeneralpeace。TheEmperorthuslostafriend，whileanewenemywasappearingathisverygates，hisarmiesdispersed，andhisalliesinotherquartersofGermanydefeated。TheFrencharmyhadeffacedthedisgraceoftheirdefeatatDeutlingenbyabrilliantcampaign，andhadkeptthewholeforceofBavariaemployedupontheRhineandinSuabia。

ReinforcedwithfreshtroopsfromFrance，whichthegreatTurenne，alreadydistinguishedbyhisvictoriesinItaly，broughttotheassistanceoftheDukeofEnghien，theyappearedonthe3rdofAugust，1644，beforeFriburg，whichMercyhadlatelytaken，andnowcovered，withhiswholearmystronglyintrenched。ButagainstthesteadyfirmnessoftheBavarians，alltheimpetuousvalouroftheFrenchwasexertedinvain，andafterafruitlesssacrificeof6，000men，theDukeofEnghienwascompelledtoretreat。Mazarinshedtearsoverthisgreatloss，whichConde，whohadnofeelingforanythingbutglory，disregarded。

"AsinglenightinParis，"saidhe，"givesbirthtomorementhanthisactionhasdestroyed。"TheBavarians，however，weresodisabledbythismurderousbattle，that，farfrombeinginaconditiontorelieveAustriafromthemenaceddangers，theyweretooweakeventodefendthebanksoftheRhine。

Spires，Worms，andManheimcapitulated；thestrongfortressofPhilipsburgwasforcedtosurrenderbyfamine；and，byatimelysubmission，Mentzhastenedtodisarmtheconquerors。

AustriaandMoravia，however，werenowfreedfromTorstensohn，byasimilarmeansofdeliverance，asinthebeginningofthewarhadsavedthemfromtheBohemians。Ragotzky，attheheadof25，000men，hadadvancedintotheneighbourhoodoftheSwedishquartersupontheDanube。

Butthesewildundisciplinedhordes，insteadofsecondingtheoperationsofTorstensohnbyanyvigorousenterprise，onlyravagedthecountry，andincreasedthedistresswhich，evenbeforetheirarrival，hadbeguntobefeltintheSwedishcamp。ToextorttributefromtheEmperor，andmoneyandplunderfromhissubjects，wasthesoleobjectthathadalluredRagotzky，orhispredecessor，BethlenGabor，intothefield；

andbothdepartedassoonastheyhadgainedtheirend。Togetridofhim，Ferdinandgrantedthebarbarianwhateverheasked，and，byasmallsacrifice，freedhisstatesofthisformidableenemy。

Inthemeantime，themainbodyoftheSwedeshadbeengreatlyweakenedbyatediousencampmentbeforeBrunn。Torstensohn，whocommandedinperson，forfourentiremonthsemployedinvainallhisknowledgeofmilitarytactics；

theobstinacyoftheresistancewasequaltothatoftheassault；

whiledespairrousedthecourageofSouches，thecommandant，aSwedishdeserter，whohadnohopeofpardon。Theravagescausedbypestilence，arisingfromfamine，wantofcleanliness，andtheuseofunripefruit，duringtheirtediousandunhealthyencampment，withthesuddenretreatofthePrinceofTransylvania，atlastcompelledtheSwedishleadertoraisethesiege。AsallthepassesupontheDanubewereoccupied，andhisarmygreatlyweakenedbyfamineandsickness，heatlastrelinquishedhisintendedplanofoperationsagainstAustriaandMoravia，andcontentedhimselfwithsecuringakeytotheseprovinces，byleavingbehindhimSwedishgarrisonsintheconqueredfortresses。HethendirectedhismarchintoBohemia，whitherhewasfollowedbytheImperialists，undertheArchdukeLeopold。

Suchofthelostplacesashadnotbeenretakenbythelatter，wererecovered，afterhisdeparture，bytheAustrianGeneralBucheim；sothat，inthecourseofthefollowingyear，theAustrianfrontierwasagainclearedoftheenemy，andViennaescapedwithmerealarm。InBohemiaandSilesiatoo，theSwedesmaintainedthemselvesonlywithaveryvariablefortune；

theytraversedbothcountries，withoutbeingabletoholdtheirgroundineither。ButifthedesignsofTorstensohnwerenotcrownedwithallthesuccesswhichtheywerepromisedatthecommencement，theywere，nevertheless，productiveofthemostimportantconsequencestotheSwedishparty。Denmarkhadbeencompelledtoapeace，Saxonytoatruce。TheEmperor，inthedeliberationsforapeace，offeredgreaterconcessions；Francebecamemoremanageable；

andSwedenitselfbolderandmoreconfidentinitsbearingtowardsthesetwocrowns。Havingthusnoblyperformedhisduty，theauthoroftheseadvantagesretired，adornedwithlaurels，intothetranquillityofprivatelife，andendeavouredtorestorehisshatteredhealth。

BytheretreatofTorstensohn，theEmperorwasrelievedfromallfearsofanirruptiononthesideofBohemia。ButanewdangersoonthreatenedtheAustrianfrontierfromSuabiaandBavaria。

Turenne，whohadseparatedfromConde，andtakenthedirectionofSuabia，had，intheyear1645，beentotallydefeatedbyMercy，nearMergentheim；

andthevictoriousBavarians，undertheirbraveleader，pouredintoHesse。

ButtheDukeofEnghienhastenedwithconsiderablesuccoursfromAlsace，KoenigsmarkfromMoravia，andtheHessiansfromtheRhine，torecruitthedefeatedarmy，andtheBavarianswereinturncompelledtoretiretotheextremelimitsofSuabia。HeretheypostedthemselvesatthevillageofAllersheim，nearNordlingen，inordertocovertheBavarianfrontier。ButnoobstaclecouldchecktheimpetuosityoftheDukeofEnghien。Inperson，heledonhistroopsagainsttheenemy’sentrenchments，andabattletookplace，whichtheheroicresistanceoftheBavariansrenderedmostobstinateandbloody；tillatlastthedeathofthegreatMercy，theskillofTurenne，andtheironfirmnessoftheHessians，decidedthedayinfavouroftheallies。Buteventhissecondbarbaroussacrificeoflifehadlittleeffecteitheronthecourseofthewar，oronthenegociationsforpeace。TheFrencharmy，exhaustedbythisbloodyengagement，wasstillfartherweakenedbythedepartureoftheHessians，andtheBavariansbeingreinforcedbytheArchdukeLeopold，TurennewasagainobligedhastilytorecrosstheRhine。

TheretreatoftheFrench，enabledtheenemytoturnhiswholeforceupontheSwedesinBohemia。GustavusWrangel，nounworthysuccessorofBannerandTorstensohn，had，in1646，beenappointedCommander-in-chiefoftheSwedisharmy，which，besidesKoenigsmark’sflyingcorpsandthenumerousgarrisonsdisposedthroughouttheempire，amountedtoabout8，000horse，and15，000foot。TheArchduke，afterreinforcinghisarmy，whichalreadyamountedto24，000men，withtwelveBavarianregimentsofcavalry，andeighteenregimentsofinfantry，movedagainstWrangel，inthehopeofbeingabletooverwhelmhimbyhissuperiorforcebeforeKoenigsmarkcouldjoinhim，ortheFrencheffectadiversioninhisfavour。Wrangel，however，didnotawaithim，buthastenedthroughUpperSaxonytotheWeser，wherehetookHoesterandPaderborn。FromthencehemarchedintoHesse，inordertojoinTurenne，andathiscampatWetzlar，wasjoinedbytheflyingcorpsofKoenigsmark。ButTurenne，fetteredbytheinstructionsofMazarin，whohadseenwithjealousythewarlikeprowessandincreasingpoweroftheSwedes，excusedhimselfonthepleaofapressingnecessitytodefendthefrontierofFranceonthesideoftheNetherlands，inconsequenceoftheFlemingshavingfailedtomakethepromiseddiversion。ButasWrangelcontinuedtopresshisjustdemand，andalongeroppositionmighthaveexciteddistrustonthepartoftheSwedes，orinducethemtoconcludeaprivatetreatywithAustria，TurenneatlastobtainedthewishedforpermissiontojointheSwedisharmy。

ThejunctiontookplaceatGiessen，andtheynowfeltthemselvesstrongenoughtomeettheenemy。ThelatterhadfollowedtheSwedesintoHesse，inordertointercepttheircommissariat，andtopreventtheirunionwithTurenne。Inbothdesignstheyhadbeenunsuccessful；

andtheImperialistsnowsawthemselvescutofffromtheMaine，andexposedtogreatscarcityandwantfromthelossoftheirmagazines。

Wrangeltookadvantageoftheirweakness，toexecuteaplanbywhichhehopedtogiveanewturntothewar。He，too，hadadoptedthemaximofhispredecessor，tocarrythewarintotheAustrianStates。

ButdiscouragedbytheillsuccessofTorstensohn’senterprise，hehopedtogainhisendwithmorecertaintybyanotherway。

HedeterminedtofollowthecourseoftheDanube，andtobreakintotheAustrianterritoriesthroughthemidstofBavaria。

AsimilardesignhadbeenformerlyconceivedbyGustavusAdolphus，whichhehadbeenpreventedcarryingintoeffectbytheapproachofWallenstein’sarmy，andthedangerofSaxony。DukeBernardmovinginhisfootsteps，andmorefortunatethanGustavus，hadspreadhisvictoriousbannersbetweentheIserandtheInn；

butthenearapproachoftheenemy，vastlysuperiorinforce，obligedhimtohaltinhisvictoriouscareer，andleadbackhistroops。

Wrangelnowhopedtoaccomplishtheobjectinwhichhispredecessorshadfailed，themoreso，astheImperialandBavarianarmywasfarinhisrearupontheLahn，andcouldonlyreachBavariabyalongmarchthroughFranconiaandtheUpperPalatinate。

HemovedhastilyupontheDanube，defeatedaBavariancorpsnearDonauwerth，andpassedthatriver，aswellastheLech，unopposed。

ButbywastinghistimeintheunsuccessfulsiegeofAugsburg，hegaveopportunitytotheImperialists，notonlytorelievethatcity，butalsotorepulsehimasfarasLauingen。Nosooner，however，hadtheyturnedtowardsSuabia，withaviewtoremovethewarfromBavaria，than，seizingtheopportunity，herepassedtheLech，andguardedthepassageofitagainsttheImperialiststhemselves。

Bavarianowlayopenanddefencelessbeforehim；theFrenchandSwedesquicklyoverranit；andthesoldieryindemnifiedthemselvesforalldangersbyfrightfuloutrages，robberies，andextortions。ThearrivaloftheImperialtroops，whoatlastsucceededinpassingtheLechatThierhaupten，onlyincreasedthemiseryofthiscountry，whichfriendandfoeindiscriminatelyplundered。

Andnow，forthefirsttimeduringthewholecourseofthiswar，thecourageofMaximilian，whichforeight-and-twentyyearshadstoodunshakenamidstfearfuldangers，begantowaver。FerdinandII。，hisschool-companionatIngoldstadt，andthefriendofhisyouth，wasnomore；

andwiththedeathofhisfriendandbenefactor，thestrongtiewasdissolvedwhichhadlinkedtheElectortotheHouseofAustria。Tothefather，habit，inclination，andgratitudehadattachedhim；thesonwasastrangertohisheart，andpoliticalinterestsalonecouldpreservehisfidelitytothelatterprince。

Accordingly，themotiveswhichtheartificesofFrancenowputinoperation，inordertodetachhimfromtheAustrianalliance，andtoinducehimtolaydownhisarms，weredrawnentirelyfrompoliticalconsiderations。

ItwasnotwithoutaselfishobjectthatMazarinhadsofarovercomehisjealousyofthegrowingpoweroftheSwedes，astoallowtheFrenchtoaccompanythemintoBavaria。HisintentionwastoexposeBavariatoallthehorrorsofwar，inthehopethattheperseveringfortitudeofMaximilianmightbesubduedbynecessityanddespair，andtheEmperordeprivedofhisfirstandlastally。Brandenburghad，underitsgreatsovereign，embracedtheneutrality；Saxonyhadbeenforcedtoaccedetoit；thewarwithFrancepreventedtheSpaniardsfromtakinganypartinthatofGermany；thepeacewithSwedenhadremovedDenmarkfromthetheatreofwar；andPolandhadbeendisarmedbyalongtruce。

IftheycouldsucceedindetachingtheElectorofBavariaalsofromtheAustrianalliance，theEmperorwouldbewithoutafriendinGermanyandlefttothemercyofthealliedpowers。

FerdinandIII。sawhisdanger，andleftnomeansuntriedtoavertit。

ButtheElectorofBavariawasunfortunatelyledtobelievethattheSpaniardsaloneweredisinclinedtopeace，andthatnothing，butSpanishinfluence，hadinducedtheEmperorsolongtoresistacessationofhostilities。MaximiliandetestedtheSpaniards，andcouldneverforgivetheirhavingopposedhisapplicationforthePalatineElectorate。

Coulditthenbesupposedthat，inordertogratifythishatedpower，hewouldseehispeoplesacrificed，hiscountrylaidwaste，andhimselfruined，when，byacessationofhostilities，hecouldatonceemancipatehimselffromallthesedistresses，procureforhispeoplethereposeofwhichtheystoodsomuchinneed，andperhapsacceleratethearrivalofageneralpeace？

Alldoubtsdisappeared；and，convincedofthenecessityofthisstep，hethoughtheshouldsufficientlydischargehisobligationstotheEmperor，ifheinvitedhimalsotoshareinthebenefitofthetruce。

Thedeputiesofthethreecrowns，andofBavaria，metatUlm，toadjusttheconditions。Butitwassoonevident，fromtheinstructionsoftheAustrianambassadorsthatitwasnottheintentionoftheEmperortosecondtheconclusionofatruce，butifpossibletopreventit。

ItwasobviouslynecessarytomakethetermsacceptabletotheSwedes，whohadtheadvantage，andhadmoretohopethantofearfromthecontinuanceofthewar。Theyweretheconquerors；

andyettheEmperorpresumedtodictatetothem。Inthefirsttransportsoftheirindignation，theSwedishambassadorswereonthepointofleavingthecongress，andtheFrenchwereobligedtohaverecoursetothreatsinordertodetainthem。

ThegoodintentionsoftheElectorofBavaria，toincludetheEmperorinthebenefitofthetruce，havingbeenthusrenderedunavailing，hefelthimselfjustifiedinprovidingforhisownsafety。

Howeverhardweretheconditionsonwhichthetrucewastobepurchased，hedidnothesitatetoacceptitonanyterms。HeagreedtotheSwedesextendingtheirquartersinSuabiaandFranconia，andtohisownbeingrestrictedtoBavariaandthePalatinate。

TheconquestswhichhehadmadeinSuabiawerecededtotheallies，who，ontheirpart，restoredtohimwhattheyhadtakenfromBavaria。

CologneandHesseCasselwerealsoincludedinthetruce。

Aftertheconclusionofthistreaty，uponthe14thMarch，1647，theFrenchandSwedesleftBavaria，andinordernottointerferewitheachother，tookupdifferentquarters；theformerinWuertemberg，thelatterinUpperSuabia，intheneighbourhoodoftheLakeofConstance。

Ontheextremenorthofthislake，andonthemostsouthernfrontierofSuabia，theAustriantownofBregentz，byitssteepandnarrowpasses，seemedtodefyattack；andinthispersuasion，thewholepeasantryofthesurroundingvillageshadwiththeirpropertytakenrefugeinthisnaturalfortress。Therichbooty，whichthestoreofprovisionsitcontained，gavereasontoexpect，andtheadvantageofpossessingapassintotheTyrol，SwitzerlandandItaly，inducedtheSwedishgeneraltoventureanattackuponthissupposedimpregnablepostandtown，inwhichhesucceeded。Meantime，Turenne，accordingtoagreement，marchedintoWuertemberg，whereheforcedtheLandgraveofDarmstadtandtheElectorofMentztoimitatetheexampleofBavaria，andtoembracetheneutrality。

Andnow，atlast，Franceseemedtohaveattainedthegreatobjectofitspolicy，thatofdeprivingtheEmperorofthesupportoftheLeague，andofhisProtestantallies，andofdictatingtohim，swordinhand，theconditionsofpeace。Ofallhisonceformidablepower，anarmy，notexceeding12，000，wasallthatremainedtohim；

andthisforcehewasdriventothenecessityofentrustingtothecommandofaCalvinist，theHessiandeserterMelander，asthecasualtiesofwarhadstrippedhimofhisbestgenerals。Butasthiswarhadbeenremarkableforthesuddenchangesoffortuneitdisplayed；

andaseverycalculationofstatepolicyhadbeenfrequentlybaffledbysomeunforeseenevent，inthiscasealsotheissuedisappointedexpectation；

andafterabriefcrisis，thefallenpowerofAustriaroseagaintoaformidablestrength。ThejealousywhichFranceentertainedofSweden，preventeditfrompermittingthetotalruinoftheEmperor，orallowingtheSwedestoobtainsuchapreponderanceinGermany，asmighthavebeendestructivetoFranceherself。Accordingly，theFrenchministerdeclinedtotakeadvantageofthedistressesofAustria；

andthearmyofTurenne，separatingfromthatofWrangel，retiredtothefrontiersoftheNetherlands。Wrangel，indeed，aftermovingfromSuabiaintoFranconia，takingSchweinfurt，andincorporatingtheimperialgarrisonofthatplacewithhisownarmy，attemptedtomakehiswayintoBohemia，andlaidsiegetoEgra，thekeyofthatkingdom。Torelievethisfortress，theEmperorputhislastarmyinmotion，andplacedhimselfatitshead。Butobligedtotakealongcircuit，inordertosparethelandsofVonSchlick，thepresidentofthecouncilofwar，heprotractedhismarch；

andonhisarrival，Egrawasalreadytaken。Botharmieswerenowinsightofeachother；andadecisivebattlewasmomentarilyexpected，asbothweresufferingfromwant，andthetwocampswereonlyseparatedfromeachotherbythespaceoftheentrenchments。ButtheImperialists，althoughsuperiorinnumbers，contentedthemselveswithkeepingclosetotheenemy，andharassingthembyskirmishes，byfatiguingmarchesandfamine，untilthenegociationswhichhadbeenopenedwithBavariawerebroughttoabearing。

TheneutralityofBavaria，wasawoundunderwhichtheImperialcourtwrithedimpatiently；andafterinvainattemptingtopreventit，Austrianowdetermined，ifpossible，toturnittoadvantage。

SeveralofficersoftheBavarianarmyhadbeenoffendedbythisstepoftheirmaster，whichatoncereducedthemtoinaction，andimposedaburdensomerestraintontheirrestlessdisposition。

EventhebraveJohndeWerthwasattheheadofthemalcontents，andencouragedbytheEmperor，heformedaplottoseducethewholearmyfromtheirallegiancetotheElector，andleaditovertotheEmperor。

Ferdinanddidnotblushtopatronizethisactoftreacheryagainsthisfather’smosttrustyally。HeformallyissuedaproclamationtotheBavariantroops，inwhichherecalledthemtohimself，remindedthemthattheywerethetroopsoftheempire，whichtheElectorhadmerelycommandedinnameoftheEmperor。

FortunatelyforMaximilian，hedetectedtheconspiracyintimeenoughtoanticipateandpreventitbythemostrapidandeffectivemeasures。

ThisdisgracefulconductoftheEmperormighthavejustifiedareprisal，butMaximilianwastoooldastatesmantolistentothevoiceofpassion，wherepolicyaloneoughttobeheard。Hehadnotderivedfromthetrucetheadvantagesheexpected。Farfromtendingtoaccelerateageneralpeace，ithadaperniciousinfluenceuponthenegociationsatMunsterandOsnaburg，andhadmadethealliesbolderintheirdemands。TheFrenchandSwedeshadindeedremovedfromBavaria；but，bythelossofhisquartersintheSuabiancircle，hefoundhimselfcompelledeithertoexhausthisownterritoriesbythesubsistenceofhistroops，oratoncetodisbandthem，andtothrowasidetheshieldandspear，attheverymomentwhentheswordaloneseemedtobethearbiterofright。

Beforeembracingeitherofthesecertainevils，hedeterminedtotryathirdstep，theunfavourableissueofwhichwasatleastnotsocertain，viz。，torenouncethetruceandresumethewar。

Thisresolution，andtheassistancewhichheimmediatelydespatchedtotheEmperorinBohemia，threatenedmateriallytoinjuretheSwedes，andWrangelwascompelledinhastetoevacuatethatkingdom。

HeretiredthroughThuringiaintoWestphaliaandLunenburg，inthehopeofformingajunctionwiththeFrencharmyunderTurenne，whiletheImperialandBavarianarmyfollowedhimtotheWeser，underMelanderandGronsfeld。Hisruinwasinevitable，iftheenemyshouldovertakehimbeforehisjunctionwithTurenne；

butthesameconsiderationwhichhadjustsavedtheEmperor，nowprovedthesalvationoftheSwedes。Evenamidstallthefuryoftheconquest，coldcalculationsofprudenceguidedthecourseofthewar，andthevigilanceofthedifferentcourtsincreased，astheprospectofpeaceapproached。

TheElectorofBavariacouldnotallowtheEmperortoobtainsodecisiveapreponderanceas，bythesuddenalterationofaffairs，mightdelaythechancesofageneralpeace。Everychangeoffortunewasimportantnow，whenapacificationwassoardentlydesiredbyall，andwhenthedisturbanceofthebalanceofpoweramongthecontractingpartiesmightatonceannihilatetheworkofyears，destroythefruitoflongandtediousnegociations，andindefinitelyprotractthereposeofEurope。

IfFrancesoughttorestraintheSwedishcrownwithinduebounds，andmeasuredoutherassistanceaccordingtohersuccessesanddefeats，theElectorofBavariasilentlyundertookthesametaskwiththeEmperorhisally，anddetermined，byprudentlydealingouthisaid，toholdthefateofAustriainhisownhands。AndnowthatthepoweroftheEmperorthreatenedoncemoretoattainadangeroussuperiority，MaximilianatonceceasedtopursuetheSwedes。HewasalsoafraidofreprisalsfromFrance，whohadthreatenedtodirectTurenne’swholeforceagainsthimifheallowedhistroopstocrosstheWeser。

Melander，preventedbytheBavariansfromfurtherpursuingWrangel，crossedbyJenaandErfurtintoHesse，andnowappearedasadangerousenemyinthecountrywhichhehadformerlydefended。

Ifitwasthedesireofrevengeuponhisformersovereign，whichledhimtochooseHesseforthesceneofhisravage，hecertainlyhadhisfullgratification。Underthisscourge，themiseriesofthatunfortunatestatereachedtheirheight。

Buthehadsoonreasontoregretthat，inthechoiceofhisquarters，hehadlistenedtothedictatesofrevengeratherthanofprudence。

Inthisexhaustedcountry，hisarmywasoppressedbywant，whileWrangelwasrecruitinghisstrength，andremountinghiscavalryinLunenburg。

TooweaktomaintainhiswretchedquartersagainsttheSwedishgeneral，whenheopenedthecampaigninthewinterof1648，andmarchedagainstHesse，hewasobligedtoretirewithdisgrace，andtakerefugeonthebanksoftheDanube。

FrancehadoncemoredisappointedtheexpectationsofSweden；

andthearmyofTurenne，disregardingtheremonstrancesofWrangel，hadremainedupontheRhine。TheSwedishleaderrevengedhimself，bydrawingintohisservicethecavalryofWeimar，whichhadabandonedthestandardofFrance，though，bythisstep，hefartherincreasedthejealousyofthatpower。TurennereceivedpermissiontojointheSwedes；

andthelastcampaignofthiseventfulwarwasnowopenedbytheunitedarmies。DrivingMelanderbeforethemalongtheDanube，theythrewsuppliesintoEgra，whichwasbesiegedbytheImperialists，anddefeatedtheImperialandBavarianarmiesontheDanube，whichventuredtoopposethematSusmarshausen，whereMelanderwasmortallywounded。

Afterthisoverthrow，theBavariangeneral，Gronsfeld，placedhimselfonthefarthersideoftheLech，inordertoguardBavariafromtheenemy。

ButGronsfeldwasnotmorefortunatethanTilly，who，inthissameposition，hadsacrificedhislifeforBavaria。WrangelandTurennechosethesamespotforpassingtheriver，whichwassogloriouslymarkedbythevictoryofGustavusAdolphus，andaccomplisheditbythesamemeans，too，whichhadfavouredtheirpredecessor。Bavariawasnowasecondtimeoverrun，andthebreachofthetrucepunishedbytheseveresttreatmentofitsinhabitants。MaximiliansoughtshelterinSalzburgh，whiletheSwedescrossedtheIser，andforcedtheirwayasfarastheInn。

Aviolentandcontinuedrain，whichinafewdaysswelledthisinconsiderablestreamintoabroadriver，savedAustriaoncemorefromthethreateneddanger。TheenemytentimesattemptedtoformabridgeofboatsovertheInn，andasoftenitwasdestroyedbythecurrent。

Never，duringthewholecourseofthewar，hadtheImperialistsbeeninsogreatconsternationasatpresent，whentheenemywereinthecentreofBavaria，andwhentheyhadnolongerageneralleftwhocouldbematchedagainstaTurenne，aWrangel，andaKoenigsmark。

AtlastthebravePiccolominiarrivedfromtheNetherlands，toassumethecommandofthefeeblewreckoftheImperialists。

BytheirownravagesinBohemia，theallieshadrenderedtheirsubsistenceinthatcountryimpracticable，andwereatlastdrivenbyscarcitytoretreatintotheUpperPalatinate，wherethenewsofthepeaceputaperiodtotheiractivity。

Koenigsmark，withhisflyingcorps，advancedtowardsBohemia，whereErnestOdowalsky，adisbandedcaptain，who，afterbeingdisabledintheimperialservice，hadbeendismissedwithoutapension，laidbeforehimaplanforsurprisingthelessersideofthecityofPrague。

Koenigsmarksuccessfullyaccomplishedtheboldenterprise，andacquiredthereputationofclosingthethirtyyears’warbythelastbrilliantachievement。Thisdecisivestroke，whichvanquishedtheEmperor’sirresolution，costtheSwedesonlythelossofasingleman。

Buttheoldtown，thelargerhalfofPrague，whichisdividedintotwopartsbytheMoldau，byitsvigorousresistanceweariedouttheeffortsofthePalatine，CharlesGustavus，thesuccessorofChristinaonthethrone，whohadarrivedfromSwedenwithfreshtroops，andhadassembledthewholeSwedishforceinBohemiaandSilesiabeforeitswalls。

Theapproachofwinteratlastdrovethebesiegersintotheirquarters，andinthemeantime，theintelligencearrivedthatapeacehadbeensignedatMunster，onthe24thOctober。

Thecolossallabourofconcludingthissolemn，andevermemorableandsacredtreaty，whichisknownbythenameofthepeaceofWestphalia；

theendlessobstacleswhichweretobesurmounted；thecontendinginterestswhichitwasnecessarytoreconcile；theconcatenationofcircumstanceswhichmusthaveco-operatedtobringtoafavourableterminationthistedious，butpreciousandpermanentworkofpolicy；thedifficultieswhichbesettheveryopeningofthenegociations，andmaintainingthem，whenopened，duringtheever-fluctuatingvicissitudesofthewar；

finally，arrangingtheconditionsofpeace，andstillmore，thecarryingthemintoeffect；whatweretheconditionsofthispeace；

whateachcontendingpowergainedorlost，bythetoilsandsufferingsofathirtyyears’war；whatmodificationitwroughtuponthegeneralsystemofEuropeanpolicy；——thesearematterswhichmustberelinquishedtoanotherpen。ThehistoryofthepeaceofWestphaliaconstitutesawhole，asimportantasthehistoryofthewaritself。Amereabridgmentofit，wouldreducetoamereskeletononeofthemostinterestingandcharacteristicmonumentsofhumanpolicyandpassions，anddepriveitofeveryfeaturecalculatedtofixtheattentionofthepublic，forwhichIwrite，andofwhichInowrespectfullytakemyleave。

EndIndex。

Aix-la-Chapelle，placedundertheBan。

Arnheim，Field-Marshal:communicateswithWallenstein；

marchesintoSaxonterritory；offersalliancetoWallenstein。

Augsburg，Dietof。

Augsburg，Peaceof。

AulicCouncil。

Austria，Houseof:religiousandpoliticalposition；powerunderCharlesV。

Avaux，D’，Count。[SeeletterD。]

Baden，Margraveof，joinsFrederickV。

Bamberg，Bishopof。

Banner，Swedishgeneral:atLeipzig；entersMagdeburg；joinsOxenstiern；

relievesDomitz；attacksImperialistsatWittstock；returnsintoPomerania；

opensthecampaignin1638；retreatsthroughEgra，anddies。

Bavaria，Dukeof:makescausewiththeEmperor；attendstheDietatRatisbon。

Bavaria，Electorof:hedemandsWallenstein’sdismissal。[SeeMaximilian。]

Bavaria，invasionof，bytheSwedes。

BethlenGabor，Prince:menacesHungary；invadesHungary；marchestoVienna；

crownedKingofHungary；makespeacewiththeEmperor；

breakstrucewiththeEmperor。

Bohemia:conditionof，andhistory；invasionof；peaceproclaimed。

BohemianBrethren，edictagainst。

BohemianCompact。

BohemianDiet:1609；1619。

BohemianInsurrection。

BohemianLetterofMajesty。

BohemianReformersattheDiet，1609。

Brahe，Count，Swedishgeneral。

Brandenburg:atrocitiesin；GeorgeWilliamElectorof。

Bremen，Bishopof:assemblestroopsforGustavus。

Breze，Marquisof。

Brunn，siegeof。

Brunswick，Ulric，Dukeof:forbidsSwedestorecruit；

threatenedbyOxenstiern。

Bucquoi:defeatsMansfeld；deathof。

Buttler，Colonel。

CalvinistsinthePalatinateandEmpire。

CatholicLeague:formationof；imparttheirsecretstotheEmperor。

CharlesV。，Emperor。

CharlesLouis，CountPalatine。

Charnasse，agentofRichelieu。

ChristianIV。ofDenmark:appointedgeneralissimo。

Christian，DukeofBrunswick:servesinHolland；defeatedbyTilly；deathof。

ChristianWilliam，AdministratorofBrandenburg:

entersMagdeburgindisguise。

Conde，Princede。

ContiTorquati，Imperialist。

Darmstadt:William，Landgraveof；George，Landgraveof。

D’AvauxnegotiatestreatybetweenSwedenandPoland。

"DefendersofLiberty"，the。

Denmark，Kingof，suesforpeace1645。

Dettingen，Battleof。

Devereux，Captain。

Donauwerth:bannedbytheAulicCouncil；Swedishofficersat。

"EdictofRestitution"signed1629。

Egra，Castleof，greatbanquetheldat。

Enghien，Dukeof，heroicconductof。

England，politicalpositionof。

EvangelicalUnion:declarationinfavourof，byMatthias；

movesinsupportofBohemianProtestants。

Falkenberg，Dietrich，senttoMagdeburg。

FerdinandI。，Emperor:characterof；positionafterAugsburg。

FerdinandII。:hisPopishannouncement；asArchdukeofGratz；

asArchdukeofStyria，becomesEmperor；ProtestantisminStyria；

besiegedinVienna；chosenEmperor1619；rewardsMaximilianwithBohemia；

confiscatesestatesofFrederick；investsMaximilianwithPalatinate；

attendsDietofRatisbon；atMantua；characterof，byhisconfessor；

negotiationswithSweden；selectsWallensteinasgeneral；givesorderstospareSaxony；stateofhisdominionsafterthefallofPrague；

receivesnewsofLutzen；deprivesWallensteinofcommand；

issuesordersforhisseizure；ordersmassesforWallenstein；death。

FerdinandIII。:KingofHungaryandBohemia；appointedgeneralissimo；

electedKingoftheRomans；becomesEmperor；defeatatJancowitz；

conspiresagainstBavaria。

Feria，Dukeof，Spanishgeneral。

Feuquieres，FrenchAmbassadoratDresden。

France:politicalpositionafterHenryIV。；ambassadorsatRatisbon；

interestsandclaimsof；triumphofherpolicy；declarationofwaragainsttheEmperor；retreatofthearmyunderTurennefromBavaria。

Frankfort-on-the-Oder:sackedbytheSwedes；Dietof。

FrederickV。，ElectorPalatineandKingofBohemia:

alienateshisBohemiansubjects；defeatedatPrague；joinsMansfeld；

deprivedofthePalatinate；atMunichwithGustavus；

meetsGustavusafterLeipzig；death。

Friburg，Battleof。

Friedland，Dukeof。[SeeWallenstein。]

Gabor，Bethlen。[SeeletterB。]

Gallas，Imperialistgeneral:madegeneralissimo；Commander-in-chief；

incommandunderKingofHungary；overrunsRibses；defeatedbyTorstensohn。

Gebhard，ElectorofCologne。

Germanpeople，principlesandreligiouszealof。

Germany:itsconditionafterAugsburg；attheaccessionofRodolph；

afterWallenstein’sdeath。

"God’sfriend，priests’foe"，mottoofDukeofBrunswick。

"Godwithus"，war-cryoftheSwedes。

Gordon，Colonel。

Gratz，Archdukeof。[SeeFerdinandII。]

Guebriant，Field-Marshal。

GustavusAdolphus，ofSweden:ascendsthethrone；earlylife，incidentof；

positionof；resources；concludesatreatywithFrance；withMagdeburg；

complaintsagainst；appearsbeforeBerlin；treatywithHesseCassel；

withSaxony；meetingatForgue；BattleofLeipzig；marchestotheRhine；

seatsthePalatineinMunich；retrospectofhiscareerfromHalletoLutzen(allofBookIII。)；stormsMarienburg；takespossessionofFrankfort；

besiegesMentz；carriesOppenheimbystorm；exposedtothemaliceoftheJesuits；entersNuremberg；besiegesIngoldstadt，narrowescape；

entersMunich；receivescongratulationsfromWallenstein；

hastenstotheUpperPalatinate；seizesNuremberg；

attacksWallenstein’scamp；marchestoNeustadt；entersNaumberg；

deathof，attheBattleofLutzen；hisbodydiscovered；

reviewofhispolicy。

GustavusVasa。

Henderson，Colonel，Scotchofficer，commandsreserveatLeipzig。

HenryIV。ofFrance，"HenryofArragon"，projectsandviewsof。

Hepburn，Colonel，Scotchofficer，anecdoteof。

Hesse，Landgraveof:replytoTilly’sdemands；concludesatreatywithGustavus；doesimportantserviceforGustavus。

Holland，politicalpositionof。

Holk，General，deathof。

Horn，Gustavus:drivesImperialistsfromAlsace；conductatLeipzig；

lefttosubdueFranconia；successesinFranconia；servicesatLutzen；

marchestotheSwedishfrontier。

Hungary，itsrelationstoAustria。

Hussites，accountofthe。

Illo，Count:confederateofWallenstein；actsasWallenstein’sagent；

deathof。

Imperialists:delegatesof，atPrague；armyreducedtodistress；

overrunBavaria。

Interim，the，systemoftheology。

JamesI。，KingofEngland，assiststheElector。

Jancowitz，Battleof。

Jesuits，the:banishmentof；theyworkagainstGustavus；

theiroppressionoftheProtestants；inVienna，mentionof；

referenceto，inWallenstein’scareer。

"JesusMaria"，war-cryoftheImperialists。

Joseph，Father，agentofRichelieu。

Juliers，Duchyof:disputessuccessionto；"singularturninthedisruption"。

Kinsky，Count。

Kinsky，Countess。

Klostergrab。

Koenigsmark，Swedishgeneral。

Ladislaus，sonofSegismundofPoland。

Lauenburg，Dukeof。

Lavelette，Cardinal。

Leipzig:generalconventionof，1631；Battleof。

Leslie，anofficerofWallenstein。

LetterofMajesty:issueof；explanationof；tornbyFerdinand。

Lorraine，Charles，Dukeof，defeatedbyGustavus。

Lubeck，Peaceof。

Lutherans，the:theirpositionstated；theiroppressionoftheCalvinists。

Lutter，battleat。

Lutzen:mentionof；Battleof；deathofGustavus。

Magdeburg:besiegedbyTilly；assaulted；takenbytheSwedes。

Mansfeld，CountErnst:defeatedatBudweiss；ravagesthePalatinates；

enterstheDutchservice；defeatedatDessau。

Mansfeld，Wolf，Countvon，leavesMagdeburgtotheSwedes。

Matthias，EmperorandArchduke:chosenasAustrianleader；

headsarevoltagainsttheEmperor；acknowledgedKingofBohemia；

ascendsthethrone；deathof。

MaximilianII。，EmperorandKingofHungary，governmentandpositionof。

Maximilian，DukeofBavaria:HeadofCatholicLeague；marchesintoBohemia；

characterandpositionof；makessecrettreatywithFrance；perfidyof；

anxiousforpeace；tacticsforsupremacy；takesshelterinSalzburg。

Mazarin，Cardinal:andtheBattleofFriburg；hisdiplomatictacticsinthewar。

Melander，aCalvinist:commandstheImperialforces；

mortallywoundedatEgra。

Mentz，besiegedandtaken。

MoravianBrethren，doctrinesof。

MunichsurrenderstoGustavus。

MutinyamongstSwedishofficersnearDonauwerth。

Neumann，Captain。

Nevers，Dukeof。

Nordlingen，Battleof。

Nuremberg:battleground；exertionsofthemagistrates。

Odowalsky，disbandedofficer。

Oppenheimcarriedbystorm。

Oxenstiern，ChancellorofSweden:receivesMentzLibrary；

position；assemblesEstatesatHeilbronn；suspectsWallenstein；

alliancewithWallenstein；solicitsFrenchassistance；appliestoFrance。

Palatinate，the，religioushistoryof。

Palatine，Elector，positionandcharacterof。

Pappenheim，Imperialistgeneral:assaultsMagdeburg；recallsTilly；

attacksSwedishvanguard；atLeipzig；marchestoCologne；atLutzen；

deathof。

Peacenegotiationsandconclusion，1647。

PeacenegotiationsofPrague:termsof；resultsoftoFranceandSweden。

PhilipII。，ofSpain，characterandpoliticalviewsof。

Piccolomini:Wallenstein’sreferenceto；becomesconfidantofWallenstein；

giveswarningofWallensteintotheCourt；incommandatSaalfield；

inpursuitofBanner；defeatedbyTorstensohn；commandsImperialists。

Prague:meetingofthe"Defenders"；insurrectionat；Battleof，andsavagetreatmentofthevanquished；enteredbytheSaxonArmy；

thetakingof。[SeealsoBohemianDiet。]

ProtestantUnion:designandaimof；divisionsandchanges；pointsofunion；

formationofEvangelicalUnion；demandsonaccessionofMatthias；

alliancewithHungary；preachersbanished；dissolved；suppressionof；

oppressionsinGermany；reprisalsinPrague。

Ragotsky，Prince:successortoBethlenGabor；inAustriaandMoravia，ravagesthecountry。

Ratisbon:Dietheldat，1630；resultsofDiet，takenbyDukeBernard；

besiegedbyKingofHungary；Dietheldat，1641。

Rednitz，desperatefightat。

Reformation:historyofthe(mostofBookI。)；influencethroughoutEurope；

progressinHungary；outbreaksatStrasburg。

ReservatumEcclesiasticum，explanationof。

Richelieu，MinisterofFrance:negotiateswithSweden；

effectsatruce；treatywithSweden；laboursinfavourofGustavus；

assistsGermanProtestants；termswithDukeBernard；fallofBreysach；

deathof。

Rodolph，ArchdukeandEmperor:ascendsImperialthroneasRodolphII。；

hispoliticalposition；abdicatesinfavourofhisbrother；deathof。

Rostock，takenbyImperialists。

Saxe-Lauenberg，FrancisAlbert，Dukeof。

Saxe-Weimar，Bernard，Dukeof:succeedsGustavusatLutzen；

remainsonthefield；capturesLeipzig；takesRatisbon；removalof；

escapescapture；visitsFrance；defeatstheImperialists；

layssiegetoBreysach；deathof。

Saxony，Electorof，JohnGeorge:refusesTilly’sdemands；

alliancewithGustavus；atLeipzig；meditatesaseparationfromSweden；

leavestheSwedes；treatswiththeEmperor；recallshisofficersfromBanner’sarmy；treatywithSweden。

Schafgotsch，Imperialistgeneral。

Seni，Wallenstein’sastrologer。

"SnowKing"，nicknameforGustavus。

Spain:influenceinGermany；policyof，underCharlesV。

Spanishprisoners。

Stralsund，siegeof。

Strasbourg，religiousdivisions。

Styria，Archdukeof。[SeeFerdinandII。]

Suys，Imperialistgeneral。

Sweden:politicalandreligiousconditionof；historicalsummaryofPolishconnection；originofherinterventionintheThirtyYears’War；

trucewithPoland；alliancewithFrance1631；conditionafterdeathofGustavus。

Swedes:offerbattletoWallenstein；overrunBavaria；

successesthroughoutGermany；captureBregentz；advancetoNordlingen。

Terzky，Count。

Terzky，Countess。

Thurn，Count，"Defender":seizesKrummau；invadesMoravia；

encampsbeforeVienna；takesflighttoHolland；returnstoPrague；

conveysWallenstein’smessagetoGustavus。

Thurn，Count，Swedishgeneral:atSteinau；surrendertoWallenstein；

demandedbytheJesuits。

Tilly，Count:commandsthe"armyofexecution"；defeatstheDanisharmyatLutter；appointedgeneralissimo；characterandappearance；

returnstoMagdeburg；takesMagdeburg；encampedontheElbe；

demandsassistancefromSaxony；ravagesSaxony；atLeipzig；

fliestoLowerSaxony；defeatsCharles，DukeofLorraine；

punishestheBishopofBamberg；awaitsGustavusatRain；death。

Torgua:Dietof；councilat。

Torstensohn，Bernard，Swedishgeneral:entersSilesia；defeatsPiccolomini；

overrunsHolstein；entersBohemia；routstheAustriansatJancowitz；

retiresfromcommand。

Turenne，Frenchgeneral:atFriburg；recrossestheRhine；

joinstheSwedesatGiessen；retirestotheNetherlands。

Turks:thehostileinroadsof；referenceto。

Trent，Councilof。

Union，theProtestant，firstsuccessandfailures。

UrbanVIII。，Pope。

Wallenstein，Count:invadesHolstein；createdDukeofFriedland；

besiegesStralsund；makesatreatywiththeDanes；hisexactions；

appearsatRatisbonDiet；hisdismissal；modeoflife；

replytotheKingofDenmark；pressedbytheEmperortotakecommand；

quitsPrague；hispositionandpersonalfeelings；makesuseofArnheim；

advisestheSaxons；assumescommand；avengeshimselfonMaximilian；

meetstheElectoratEgra，Wallenstein’striumph；reviewatNeumark；

besiegesNuremberg；marchestoZirndorf；takeswinterquartersinSaxony；

joinsPappenheim；beliefinastrology；atLutzen；advisesanamnesty；

duplicitywithElectorofBavaria；offerstermstotheSwedes；

suspicionsaroused；secretnegotiationswithFrance；

defeatsSwedesontheOder；releasesCountThurn；stormsGoerlitz；

marchestotheUpperPalatinate；deprivedofcommand；

callsameetingofgeneralsatPilsen；hisduplicity；

callsforabsentgenerals；secretordersforhisapprehensionissued；

publiclydenounced；retirestoEgra；assassination。

Weimar。[SeeSaxe-Weimar。]

Werth，Johnde，Imperialistgeneral:headsBavarianmalcontents。

Westphalia，Treatyof(TreatyofPeace)。

Wimpfen。

Wrangel，Gustavus，Swedishgeneral:marchestotheDanube；ravagesBavaria；

marchestoBohemia；drivenfromBohemia。

End