第5章

ThepoliticGreeks，wholivedunderapopulargovernment，knewnoothersupportthanvirtue。Themoderninhabitantsofthatcountryareentirelytakenupwithmanufacture，commerce，finances，opulence，andluxury。

Whenvirtueisbanished，ambitioninvadesthemindsofthosewhoaredisposedtoreceiveit，andavaricepossessesthewholecommunity。Theobjectsoftheirdesiresarechanged；whattheywerefondofbeforehasbecomeindifferent；theywerefreewhileundertherestraintoflaws，buttheywouldfainnowbefreetoactagainstlaw；andaseachcitizenislikeaslavewhohasrunawayfromhismaster，thatwhichwasamaximofequityhecallsrigour；thatwhichwasaruleofactionhestylesconstraint；andtoprecautionhegivesthenameoffear。Frugality，andnotthethirstofgain，nowpassesforavarice。Formerlythewealthofindividualsconstitutedthepublictreasure；butnowthishasbecomethepatrimonyofprivatepersons。Themembersofthecommonwealthriotonthepublicspoils，anditsstrengthisonlythepowerofafew，andthelicenceofmany。

Athenswaspossessedofthesamenumberofforceswhenshetriumphedsogloriouslyaswhenwithsuchinfamyshewasenslaved。Shehadtwentythousandcitizens[3]whenshedefendedtheGreeksagainstthePersians，whenshecontendedforempirewithSparta，andinvadedSicily。ShehadtwentythousandwhenDemetriusPhalereusnumberedthem[4]asslavesaretoldbytheheadinamarket—place。WhenPhilipattemptedtolorditoverGreece，andappearedatthegatesofAthens[5]shehadeventhenlostnothingbuttime。WemayseeinDemostheneshowdifficultitwastoawakenher；shedreadedPhilip，notastheenemyofherliberty，butofherpleasures。[6]Thisfamouscity，whichhadwithstoodsomanydefeats，andhavingbeensooftendestroyedhadasoftenrisenoutofherashes，wasoverthrownatCh？ronea，andatoneblowdeprivedofallhopesofresource。WhatdoesitavailherthatPhilipsendsbackherprisoners，ifhedoesnotreturnhermen？ItwaseverafteraseasytotriumphovertheforcesofAthensasithadbeendifficulttosubduehervirtue。

HowwasitpossibleforCarthagetomaintainherground？WhenHannibal，uponhisbeingmadepr？tor，endeavouredtohinderthemagistratesfromplunderingtherepublic，didnottheycomplainofhimtotheRomans？

Wretches，whowouldfainbecitizenswithoutacity，andbebeholdenfortheirrichestotheirverydestroyers！Romesooninsisteduponhavingthreehundredoftheirprincipalcitizensashostages；sheobligedthemnexttosurrendertheirarmsandships；andthenshedeclaredwar。[7]

Fromthedesperateeffortsofthisdefencelesscity，onemayjudgeofwhatshemighthaveperformedinherfullvigour，andassistedbyvirtue。

4。OfthePrincipleofAristocracy。Asvirtueisnecessaryinapopulargovernment，itisrequisitealsoinanaristocracy。Trueitisthatinthelatteritisnotsoabsolutelyrequisite。

Thepeople，whoinrespecttothenobilityarethesameasthesubjectswithregardtoamonarch，arerestrainedbytheirlaws。Theyhave，therefore，lessoccasionforvirtuethanthepeopleinademocracy。Buthowarethenobilitytoberestrained？Theywhoaretoexecutethelawsagainsttheircolleagueswillimmediatelyperceivethattheyareactingagainstthemselves。Virtueisthereforenecessaryinthisbody，fromtheverynatureoftheconstitution。

Anaristocraticgovernmenthasaninherentvigour，unknowntodemocracy。

Thenoblesformabody，whobytheirprerogative，andfortheirownparticularinterest，restrainthepeople；itissufficientthattherearelawsinbeingtoseethemexecuted。

Buteasyasitmaybeforthebodyofthenoblestorestrainthepeople，itisdifficulttorestrainthemselves。[8]Suchisthenatureofthisconstitution，thatitseemstosubjecttheverysamepersonstothepowerofthelaws，andatthesametimetoexemptthem。

Nowsuchabodyasthiscanrestrainitselfonlyintwoways；eitherbyaveryeminentvirtue，whichputsthenobilityinsomemeasureonalevelwiththepeople，andmaybethemeansofformingagreatrepublic；

orbyaninferiorvirtue，whichputsthematleastuponalevelwithoneanother，anduponthistheirpreservationdepends。

Moderationisthereforetheverysoulofthisgovernment；amoderation，Imean，foundedonvirtue，notthatwhichproceedsfromindolenceandpusillanimity。

5。ThatVirtueisnotthePrincipleofaMonarchicalGovernment。Inmonarchies，policyeffectsgreatthingswithaslittlevirtueaspossible。Thusinthenicestmachines，arthasreducedthenumberofmovements，springs，andwheels。

Thestatesubsistsindependentlyoftheloveofourcountry，ofthethirstoftrueglory，ofself—denial，ofthesacrificeofourdearestinterests，andofallthoseheroicvirtueswhichweadmireintheancients，andtousareknownonlybytradition。

Thelawssupplyheretheplaceofthosevirtues；theyarebynomeanswanted，andthestatedispenseswiththem：anactionperformedhereinsecretisinsomemeasureofnoconsequence。

Thoughallcrimesbeintheirownnaturepublic，yetthereisadistinctionbetweencrimesreallypublicandthosethatareprivate，whicharesocalledbecausetheyaremoreinjurioustoindividualsthantothecommunity。

Nowinrepublicsprivatecrimesaremorepublic，thatis，theyattacktheconstitutionmorethantheydoindividuals；andinmonarchies，publiccrimesaremoreprivate，thatis，theyaremoreprejudicialtoprivatepeoplethantotheconstitution。

IbegthatnoonewillbeoffendedwithwhatIhavebeensaying；myobservationsarefoundedontheunanimoustestimonyofhistorians。Iamnotignorantthatvirtuousprincesaresoveryrare；butIventuretoaffirmthatinamonarchyitisextremelydifficultforthepeopletobevirtuous。[9]

Letuscomparewhatthehistoriansofallageshaveassertedconcerningthecourtsofmonarchs；letusrecollecttheconversationsandsentimentsofpeopleofallcountries，inrespecttothewretchedcharacterofcourtiers，andweshallfindthatthesearenotairyspeculations，buttruthsconfirmedbyasadandmelancholyexperience。

Ambitioninidleness；meannessmixedwithpride；adesireofricheswithoutindustry；aversiontotruth；flattery，perfidy，violationofengagements，contemptofcivilduties，fearoftheprince’svirtue，hopefromhisweakness，but，aboveall，aperpetualridiculecastuponvirtue，are，Ithink，thecharacteristicsbywhichmostcourtiersinallagesandcountrieshavebeenconstantlydistinguished。Now，itisexceedinglydifficultfortheleadingmenofthenationtobeknaves，andtheinferiorsorttobehonest；fortheformertobecheats，andthelattertorestsatisfiedwithbeingonlydupes。

Butifthereshouldchancetobesomeunluckyhonestman[10]amongthepeople。CardinalRichelieu，inhispoliticaltestament，seemstohintthataprinceshouldtakecarenottoemployhim。[11]Sotrueisitthatvirtueisnotthespringofthisgovernment！Itisnotindeedexcluded，butitisnotthespringofgovernment。

6。InwhatMannerVirtueissuppliedinaMonarchicalGovernment。Butitishightimeformetohavedonewiththissubject，lestIshouldbesuspectedofwritingasatireagainstmonarchicalgovernment。Farbeitfromme；ifmonarchywantsonespring，itisprovidedwithanother。

Honour，thatis，theprejudiceofeverypersonandrank，suppliestheplaceofthepoliticalvirtueofwhichIhavebeenspeaking，andiseverywhereherrepresentative：hereitiscapableofinspiringthemostgloriousactions，and，joinedwiththeforceoflaws，mayleadustotheendofgovernmentaswellasvirtueitself。

Hence，inwell—regulatedmonarchies，theyarealmostallgoodsubjects，andveryfewgoodmen；fortobeagoodman[12]agoodintentionisnecessary，[13]andweshouldloveourcountry，notsomuchonourownaccount，asoutofregardtothecommunity。

7。OfthePrincipleofMonarchy。Amonarchicalgovernmentsupposes，aswehavealreadyobserved，pre—eminencesandranks，aslikewiseanobledescent。Nowsinceitisthenatureofhonourtoaspiretoprefermentsandtitles，itisproperlyplacedinthisgovernment。

Ambitionisperniciousinarepublic。Butinamonarchyithassomegoodeffects；itgiveslifetothegovernment，andisattendedwiththisadvantage，thatitisinnowaydangerous，becauseitmaybecontinuallychecked。

Itiswiththiskindofgovernmentaswiththesystemoftheuniverse，inwhichthereisapowerthatconstantlyrepelsallbodiesfromthecentre，andapowerofgravitationthatattractsthemtoit。Honoursetsallthepartsofthebodypoliticinmotion，andbyitsveryactionconnectsthem；thuseachindividualadvancesthepublicgood，whileheonlythinksofpromotinghisowninterest。

Trueitisthat，philosophicallyspeaking，itisafalsehonourwhichmovesallthepartsofthegovernment；buteventhisfalsehonourisasusefultothepublicastruehonourcouldpossiblybetoprivatepersons。

Isitnotveryexactingtoobligementoperformthemostdifficultactions，suchasrequireanextraordinaryexertionoffortitudeandresolution，withoutotherrecompensethanthatofgloryandapplause？

8。ThatHonourisnotthePrincipleofDespoticGovernment。Honourisfarfrombeingtheprincipleofdespoticgovernment：mankindbeingherealluponalevel，noonepersoncanpreferhimselftoanother；andasontheotherhandtheyareallslaves，theycangivethemselvesnosortofpreference。

Besides，ashonourhasitslawsandrules，asitknowsnothowtosubmit；asitdependsinagreatmeasureonaman’sowncaprice，andnotonthatofanotherperson；itcanbefoundonlyincountriesinwhichtheconstitutionisfixed，andwheretheyaregovernedbysettledlaws。

Howcandespotismabidewithhonour？Theonegloriesinthecontemptoflife；andtheotherisfoundedonthepoweroftakingitaway。Howcanhonour，ontheotherhand，bearwithdespotism？Theformerhasitsfixedrules，andpeculiarcaprices；butthelatterisdirectedbynorule，anditsowncapricesaresubversiveofallothers。

Honour，therefore，athingunknowninarbitrarygovernments，someofwhichhavenotevenaproperwordtoexpressit，[14]istheprevailingprincipleinmonarchies；hereitgiveslifetothewholebodypolitic，tothelaws，andeventothevirtuesthemselves。

9。OfthePrincipleofDespoticGovernment。Asvirtueisnecessaryinarepublic，andinamonarchyhonour，sofearisnecessaryinadespoticgovernment：withregardtovirtue，thereisnooccasionforit，andhonourwouldbeextremelydangerous。

Heretheimmensepoweroftheprincedevolvesentirelyuponthosewhomheispleasedtoentrustwiththeadministration。Personscapableofsettingavalueuponthemselveswouldbelikelytocreatedisturbances。

Fearmustthereforedepresstheirspirits，andextinguisheventheleastsenseofambition。

Amoderategovernmentmay，wheneveritpleases，andwithouttheleastdanger，relaxitssprings。Itsupportsitselfbythelaws，andbyitsowninternalstrength。Butwhenadespoticprinceceasesforonesinglemomenttouplifthisarm，whenhecannotinstantlydemolishthosewhomhehasentrustedwiththefirstemployments，[15]allisover：forasfear，thespringofthisgovernment，nolongersubsists，thepeopleareleftwithoutaprotector。

ItisprobablyinthissensetheCadismaintainedthattheGrandSeigniorwasnotobligedtokeephiswordoroath，whenhelimitedtherebyhisauthority。[16]

Itisnecessarythatthepeopleshouldbejudgedbylaws，andthegreatmenbythecapriceoftheprince，thatthelivesofthelowestsubjectshouldbesafe，andthepasha’sheadeverindanger。Wecannotmentionthesemonstrousgovernmentswithouthorror。TheSophiofPersia，dethronedinourdaysbyMahomet，thesonofMiriveis，sawtheconstitutionsubvertedbeforethisresolution，becausehehadbeentoosparingofblood。[17]

HistoryinformsusthatthehorridcrueltiesofDomitianstrucksuchaterrorintothegovernorsthatthepeoplerecoveredthemselvesalittleduringhisreign。[18]Thusatorrentoverflowsonesideofacountry，andontheotherleavesfieldsuntouched，wheretheeyeisrefreshedbytheprospectoffinemeadows。

10。DifferenceofObedienceinModerateandDespoticGovernments。Indespoticstates，thenatureofgovernmentrequiresthemostpassiveobedience；andwhenoncetheprince’swillismadeknown，itoughtinfalliblytoproduceitseffect。

Heretheyhavenolimitationsorrestrictions，nomediums，terms，equivalents，orremonstrances；nochangetopropose：manisacreaturethatblindlysubmitstotheabsolutewillofthesovereign。

Inacountrylikethistheyarenomoreallowedtorepresenttheirapprehensionsofafuturedangerthantoimputetheirmiscarriagetothecapriciousnessoffortune。Man’sportionhere，likethatofbeasts，isinstinct，compliance，andpunishment。

Littledoesitthenavailtopleadthesentimentsofnature，filialrespect，conjugalorparentaltenderness，thelawsofhonour，orwantofhealth；theorderisgiven，and，thatissufficient。

InPersia，whenthekinghascondemnedaperson，itisnolongerlawfultomentionhisname，ortointercedeinhisfavour。Eveniftheprincewereintoxicated，ornoncompos，thedecreemustbeexecuted；[19]

otherwisehewouldcontradicthimself，andthelawadmitsofnocontradiction。Thishasbeenthewayofthinkinginthatcountryinallages；astheorderwhichAhasuerusgave，toexterminatetheJews，couldnotberevoked，theywereallowedthelibertyofdefendingthemselves。

Onething，however，maybesometimesopposedtotheprince’swill，[20]

namely，religion。Theywillabandon，naytheywillslayaparent，iftheprincesocommands；buthecannotobligethemtodrinkwine。Thelawsofreligionareofasuperiornature，becausetheybindthesovereignaswellasthesubject。Butwithrespecttothelawofnature，itisotherwise；theprinceisnolongersupposedtobeaman。

Inmonarchicalandmoderatestates，thepowerislimitedbyitsveryspring，Imeanbyhonour，which，likeamonarch，reignsovertheprinceandhispeople。Theywillnotallegetotheirsovereignthelawsofreligion；acourtierwouldbeapprehensiveofrenderinghimselfridiculous。Butthelawsofhonourwillbeappealedtoonalloccasions。

Hencearisetherestrictionsnecessarytoobedience；honourisnaturallysubjecttowhims，bywhichthesubject’ssubmissionwillbeeverdirected。

Thoughthemannerofobeyingbedifferentinthesetwokindsofgovernment，thepoweristhesame。Onwhichsidesoeverthemonarchturns，heinclinesthescale，andisobeyed。Thewholedifferenceisthatinamonarchytheprincereceivesinstruction，atthesametimethathisministershavegreaterabilities，andaremoreversedinpublicaffairs，thantheministersofadespoticgovernment。

11。ReflectionsontheprecedingChapters。Sucharetheprinciplesofthethreesortsofgovernment：whichdoesnotimplythatinaparticularrepublictheyactuallyare，butthattheyoughttobe，virtuous；nordoesitprovethatinaparticularmonarchytheyareactuatedbyhonour，orinaparticulardespoticgovernmentbyfear；butthattheyoughttobedirectedbytheseprinciples，otherwisethegovernmentisimperfect。

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1。Thisisaveryimportantdistinction，whenceIshalldrawmanyconsequences；foritisthekeyofaninfinitenumberoflaws。

2。Cromwell。

3。Plutarch，Pericles；Plato，inCritias。

4。Shehadatthattimetwenty—onethousandcitizens，tenthousandstrangers，andfourhundredthousandslaves。SeeAthen？us，vi。

5。Shehadthentwentythousandcitizens。SeeDemosthenesinAristog。

6。Theyhadpassedalaw，whichrendereditacapitalcrimeforanyonetoproposeapplyingthemoneydesignedforthetheatrestomilitary7。Thislastedthreeyears。

8。Publiccrimesmaybepunished，becauseitishereacommonconcern；

butprivatecrimeswillgounpunished，becauseitisthecommoninterestnottopunishthem。

9。Ispeakhereofpoliticalvirtue，whichisalsomoralvirtueasitisdirectedtothepublicgood；verylittleofprivatemoralvirtue，andnotatallofthatvirtuewhichrelatestorevealedtruths。Thiswillappearbetterinv。2。

10。Thisistobeunderstoodinthesenseoftheprecedingnote。

11。Wemustnot，sayshe，employpeopleofmeanextraction；theyaretoorigidandmorose。——TestamentPolit。，4。

12。Thiswordgoodmanisunderstoodhereinapoliticalsenseonly。

13。SeeFootnote1。

14。SeePerry，p。447。

15。Asitoftenhappensinamilitaryaristocracy。

16。RicautontheOttomanEmpire。I，ii。

17。SeethehistoryofthisrevolutionbyFatherduCerceau。

18。Suetonius，LifeofDomitian，viii。Hiswasamilitaryconstitution，whichisoneofthespeciesofdespoticgovernment。

19。SeeSirJohnChardin。

20。Ibid。

BookIV。ThattheLawsofEducationOughttoBeinRelationtothePrinciplesofGovernment1。OftheLawsofEducation。Thelawsofeducationarethefirstimpressionswereceive；andastheyprepareusforcivillife，everyprivatefamilyoughttobegovernedbytheplanofthatgreathouseholdwhichcomprehendsthemall。

Ifthepeopleingeneralhaveaprinciple，theirconstituentparts，thatis，theseveralfamilies，willhaveonealso。Thelawsofeducationwillbethereforedifferentineachspeciesofgovernment：inmonarchiestheywillhavehonourfortheirobject；inrepublics，virtue；indespoticgovernments，fear。

2。OfEducationinMonarchies。Inmonarchiestheprincipalbranchofeducationisnottaughtincollegesoracademies。Itcommences，insomemeasure，atoursettingoutintheworld；forthisistheschoolofwhatwecallhonour，thatuniversalpreceptorwhichoughteverywheretobeourguide。

Hereitisthatweconstantlyhearthreerulesormaxims，viz。，thatweshouldhaveacertainnoblenessinourvirtues，akindoffranknessinourmorals，andaparticularpolitenessinourbehaviour。

Thevirtuesweareheretaughtarelesswhatweowetoothersthantoourselves；theyarenotsomuchwhatdrawsustowardssociety，aswhatdistinguishesusfromourfellow—citizens。Heretheactionsofmenarejudged，notasvirtuous，butasshining；notasjust，butasgreat；notasreasonable，butasextraordinary。Whenhonourheremeetswithanythingnobleinouractions，itiseitherajudgethatapprovesthem，orsophistbywhomtheyareexcused。

Itallowsofgallantrywhenunitedwiththeideaofsensibleaffection，orwiththatofconquest；thisisthereasonwhywenevermeetwithsostrictapurityofmoralsinmonarchiesasinrepublicangovernments。

Itallowsofcunningandcraft，whenjoinedwiththenotionofgreatnessofsoulorimportanceofaffairs；as，forinstance，inpolitics，withfinessesofwhichitisfarfrombeingoffended。

Itdoesnotforbidadulation，savewhenseparatedfromtheideaofalargefortune，andconnectedonlywiththesenseofourmeancondition。

Withregardtomorals，Ihaveobservedthattheeducationofmonarchiesoughttoadmitofacertainfranknessandopencarriage。Truth，therefore，inconversationishereanecessarypoint。Butisitforthesakeoftruth？Bynomeans。Truthisrequisiteonlybecauseapersonhabituatedtoveracityhasanairofboldnessandfreedom。Andindeedamanofthisstampseemstolayastressonlyonthethingsthemselves，notonthemannerinwhichtheyarereceived。

Henceitisthatinproportionasthiskindoffranknessiscommended，thatofthecommonpeopleisdespised，whichhasnothingbuttruthandsimplicityforitsobject。

Infine，theeducationofmonarchiesrequiresacertainpolitenessofbehaviour。Man，asociableanimal，isformedtopleaseinsociety；andapersonthatwouldbreakthroughtherulesofdecency，soastoshockthoseheconversedwith，wouldlosethepublicesteem，andbecomeincapableofdoinganygood。

Butpoliteness，generallyspeaking，doesnotderiveitsoriginfromsopureasource。Itarisesfromadesireofdistinguishingourselves。Itispridethatrendersuspolite；weareflatteredwithbeingtakennoticeofforbehaviourthatshowswearenotofameancondition，andthatwehavenotbeenbredwiththosewhoinallagesareconsideredthescumofthepeople。

Politeness，inmonarchies，isnaturalisedatcourt。Onemanexcessivelygreatrenderseverybodyelselittle。Hencethatregardwhichispaidtoourfellow—subjects；hencethatpoliteness，equallypleasingtothosebywhom，astothosetowardswhom，itispractised，becauseitgivespeopletounderstandthatapersonactuallybelongs，oratleastdeservestobelong，tothecourt。

Acourtlyairconsistsinquittingarealforaborrowedgreatness。Thelatterpleasesthecourtiermorethantheformer。Itinspireshimwithacertaindisdainfulmodesty，whichshowsitselfexternally，butwhoseprideinsensiblydiminishesinproportiontoitsdistancefromthesourceofthisgreatness。

Atcourtwefindadelicacyoftasteineverything——adelicacyarisingfromtheconstantuseofthesuperfluitiesoflife，fromthevariety，andespeciallythesatiety，ofpleasures，fromthemultiplicityandevenconfusionoffancies，which，iftheyarebutagreeable，aresureofbeingwellreceived。

Thesearethethingswhichproperlyfallwithintheprovinceofeducation，inordertoformwhatwecallamanofhonour，amanpossessedofallthequalitiesandvirtuesrequisiteinthiskindofgovernment。

Hereitisthathonourinterfereswitheverything，mixingevenwithpeople’smannerofthinking，anddirectingtheirveryprinciples。

Tothiswhimsicalhonouritisowingthatthevirtuesareonlyjustwhatitpleases；itaddsrulesofitsowninventiontoeverythingprescribedtous；itextendsorlimitsourdutiesaccordingtoitsownfancy，whethertheyproceedfromreligion，politics，ormorality。

Thereisnothingsostronglyinculcatedinmonarchies，bythelaws，byreligionandhonour，assubmissiontotheprince’swill；butthisveryhonourtellsusthattheprinceneveroughttocommandadishonourableaction，becausethiswouldrenderusincapableofservinghim。

CrillonrefusedtoassassinatetheDukeofGuise，butofferedtofighthim。AfterthemassacreofSt。Bartholomew，CharlesIX，havingsentorderstothegovernorsintheseveralprovincesfortheHuguenotstobemurdered，ViscountDorte，whocommandedatBayonne，wrotethustotheking：[1]"Sire，amongtheinhabitantsofthistown，andyourmajesty’stroops，Icouldnotfindsomuchasoneexecutioner；theyarehonestcitizensandbravesoldiers。Wejointly，therefore，beseechyourmajestytocommandourarmsandlivesinthingsthatarepracticable。"Thisgreatandgeneroussoullookeduponabaseactionasathingimpossible。

Thereisnothingthathonourmorestronglyrecommendstothenobilitythantoservetheirprinceinamilitarycapacity。And，indeed，thisistheirfavouriteprofession，becauseitsdangers，itssuccess，andevenitsmiscarriagesaretheroadtograndeur。Yetthisverylawofitsownmakinghonourchoosestoexplain：andincaseofanyaffront，itrequiresorpermitsustoretire。

Itinsistsalsothatweshouldbeatlibertyeithertoseekortorejectemployments，alibertywhichitpreferseventoanamplefortune。

Honourthereforehasitssupremelaws，towhicheducationisobligedtoconform。[2]Thechiefofthesearethatwearepermittedtosetavalueuponourfortune，butareabsolutelyforbiddentosetanyuponourlives。

Thesecondisthat，whenweareraisedtoapostorpreferment，weshouldneverdoorpermitanythingwhichmayseemtoimplythatwelookuponourselvesasinferiortotherankwehold。

Thethirdisthatthosethingswhichhonourforbidsaremorerigorouslyforbidden，whenthelawsdonotconcurintheprohibition；andthoseitcommandsaremorestronglyinsistedupon，whentheyhappennottobecommandedbylaw。

3。OfEducationinaDespoticGovernment。Aseducationinmonarchiestendstoraiseandennoblethemind，indespoticgovernmentsitsonlyaimistodebaseit。Hereitmustnecessarilybeservile；eveninpowersuchaneducationwillbeanadvantage，becauseeverytyrantisatthesametimeaslave。

Excessiveobediencesupposesignoranceinthepersonthatobeys：thesameitsupposesinhimthatcommands，forhehasnooccasiontodeliberate，todoubt，toreason；hehasonlytowill。