第4章

butter，andalittleteawithmilkandsugar。Itateanddrankandsoonbegantopurr。Thegoodwomanofthehousewashorrifiedwhenoncomingintoremovethethingsshesawthechurchcatonhercarpet。"Whatimpudence！"sheexclaimed，andmadetowardsit，butonourtellingherthatwedidnotexpectthatitshouldbedisturbed，sheletitalone。Averyremarkablecircumstancewas，thatthoughthecathadhithertobeeninthehabitofflying，notonlyfromherface，buttheveryechoofhervoice，itnowlookedherinthefacewithperfectcomposure，asmuchastosay，"Idon’tfearyou，forIknowthatIamnowsafeandwithmyownpeople。"

Itstayedwithustwohoursandthenwentaway。Thenextmorningitreturned。Tobeshort，thoughitwentawayeverynight，itbecameourowncat，andoneofourfamily。Igaveitsomethingwhichcureditofitseruption，andthroughgoodtreatmentitsoonlostitsotherailmentsandbegantolooksleekandbonny。

CHAPTERVIII

TheMowers—DeepWelsh—ExtensiveView—OldCelticHatred—FishPreserving—Smollet’sMorgan。

NEXTmorningIsetouttoascendDinasBran，anumberofchildren，almostentirelygirls，followedme。Iaskedthemwhytheycameafterme。"Inthehopethatyouwillgiveussomething，"saidoneinverygoodEnglish。ItoldthemthatIshouldgivethemnothing，buttheystillfollowedme。AlittlewayupthehillIsawsomemencuttinghay。Imadeanobservationtooneofthemrespectingthefinenessoftheweather；heansweredcivilly，andrestedonhisscythe，whilsttheotherspursuedtheirwork。Iaskedhimwhetherhewasafarmingman；hetoldmethathewasnot；thathegenerallyworkedattheflannelmanufactory，butthatforsomedayspasthehadnotbeenemployedthere，workbeingslack，andhadonthataccountjoinedthemowersinordertoearnafewshillings。I

askedhimhowitwasheknewhowtohandleascythe，notbeingbredupafarmingman；hesmiled，andsaidthat，somehoworother，hehadlearnttodoso。

"YouspeakverygoodEnglish，"saidI，"haveyoumuchWelsh？"

"Plenty，"saidhe；"IamarealWelshman。"

"CanyoureadWelsh？"saidI。

"Oh，yes！"hereplied。

"Whatbookshaveyouread？"saidI。

"IhavereadtheBible，sir，andoneortwootherbooks。"

"DidyoueverreadtheBarddCwsg？"saidI。

Helookedatmewithsomesurprise。"No，"saidhe，afteramomentortwo，"Ihaveneverreadit。Ihaveseenit，butitwasfartoodeepWelshforme。"

"Ihavereadit，"saidI。

"AreyouaWelshman？"saidhe。

"No，"saidI；"IamanEnglishman。"

"Andhowisit，"saidhe，"thatyoucanreadWelshwithoutbeingaWelshman？"

"Ilearnedtodoso，"saidI，"evenasyoulearnedtomow，withoutbeingbreduptofarmingwork。"

"Ah！"saidhe，"butitiseasiertolearntomowthantoreadtheBarddCwsg。"

"Idon’tthinkthat，"saidI；"IhavetakenupascytheahundredtimesbutIcannotmow。"

"Willyourhonourtakeminenow，andtryagain？"saidhe。

"No，"saidI，"forifItakeyourscytheinhandImustgiveyouashilling，youknow，bymowers’law。"

Hegaveabroadgrin，andIproceededupthehill。WhenherejoinedhiscompanionshesaidsomethingtotheminWelsh，atwhichtheyalllaughed。Ireachedthetopofthehill，thechildrenstillattendingme。

Theviewoverthevaleisverybeautiful；butonnoside，exceptinthedirectionofthewest，isitveryextensive；DinasBranbeingonallothersidesovertoppedbyotherhills：inthatdirection，indeed，theviewisextensiveenough，reachingonafinedayeventotheWyddfaorpeakofSnowdon，adistanceofsixtymiles，atleastassomesay，whoperhapsoughttoaddtoverygoodeyes，whichminearenot。ThedaythatImademyfirstascentofDinasBranwasveryclear，butIdonotthinkIsawtheWyddfathenfromthetopofDinasBran。ItistrueImightseeitwithoutknowingit，beingutterlyunacquaintedwithit，exceptbyname；butI

repeatIdonotthinkIsawit，andIamquitesurethatIdidnotseeitfromthetopofDinasBranonasubsequentascent，onadayequallyclear，whenifIhadseentheWyddfaImusthaverecognisedit，havingbeenatitstop。AsIstoodgazingaround，thechildrendancedaboutuponthegrass，andsangasong。ThesongwasEnglish。Idescendedthehill；theyfollowedmetoitsfoot，andthenleftme。ThechildrenofthelowerclassofLlangollenaregreatpeststovisitors。Thebestwaytogetridofthemistogivethemnothing：Ifollowedthatplan，andwasnotlongtroubledwiththem。

Arrivedatthefootofthehill，Iwalkedalongthebankofthecanaltothewest。PresentlyIcametoabargelyingbythebank；

theboatmanwasinit。Ienteredintoconversationwithhim。HetoldmethatthecanalanditsbranchesextendedoveragreatpartofEngland。Thattheboatscarriedslates—thathehadfrequentlygoneasfarasPaddingtonbythecanal—thathewasgenerallythreeweeksonthejourney—thattheboatmenandtheirfamilieslivedinthelittlecabinsaft—thattheboatmenwereallWelsh—

thattheycouldreadEnglish，butlittleornoWelsh—thatEnglishwasamuchmoreeasylanguagetoreadthanWelsh—thattheypassedbymanytowns，amongothersNorthampton，andthathelikednoplacesomuchasLlangollen。IproceededtillIcametoaplacewheresomepeoplewereputtinghugeslatesintoacanalboat。ItwasnearabridgewhichcrossedtheDee，whichwasontheleft。I

stoppedandenteredintoconversationwithone，whoappearedtobetheprincipalman。HetoldmeamongstotherthingsthathewasablacksmithfromtheneighbourhoodofRhiwabon，andthattheflagswereintendedfortheflooringofhispremises。Intheboatwasanoldbareheaded，bare—armedfellow，whopresentlyjoinedintheconversationinverybrokenEnglish。HetoldmethathisnamewasJosephHughes，andthathewasarealWelshmanandwasproudofbeingso；heexpressedagreatdislikefortheEnglish，whohesaidwereinthehabitofmakingfunofhimandridiculinghislanguage；

hesaidthatallthefoolsthathehadknownwereEnglishmen。I

toldhimthatallEnglishmenwerenotfools；"butthegreaterpartare，"saidhe。"Lookhowtheywork，"saidI。"Yes，"saidhe，"someofthemaregoodatbreakingstonesfortheroad，butnotmorethanoneinahundred。""ThereseemstobesomethingoftheoldCeltichatredtotheSaxoninthisoldfellow，"saidItomyself，asIwalkedaway。

IproceededtillIcametotheheadofthecanal，wherethenavigationfirstcommences。ItisclosetoaweiroverwhichtheDeefalls。Herethereisalittlefloodgate，throughwhichwaterrushesfromanoblongpondorreservoir，fedbywaterfromacorneroftheupperpartoftheweir。Ontheleft，orsouth—westside，isamoundofearthfencedwithstoneswhichisthecommencementofthebankofthecanal。Thepondorreservoirabovethefloodgateisseparatedfromtheweirbyastonewallontheleft，orsouth—

westside。Thispondhastwofloodgates，theonealreadymentioned，whichopensintothecanal，andanother，ontheothersideofthestonemound，openingtothelowerpartoftheweir。

Whenever，asamantoldmewhowasstandingnear，itisnecessarytolaythebedofthecanaldry，intheimmediateneighbourhoodforthepurposeofmakingrepairs，thefloodgatetothecanalisclosed，andtheonetothelowerpartoftheweirisopened，andthenthewaterfromthepondflowsintotheDee，whilstasluice，nearthefirstlock，letsoutthewaterofthecanalintotheriver。Theheadofthecanalissituatedinaverybeautifulspot。

Totheleftorsouthisaloftyhillcoveredwithwood。Totherightisabeautifulslopeorlawnonthetopofwhichisaprettyvilla，towhichyoucangetbyalittlewoodenbridgeoverthefloodgateofthecanal，andindeedformingpartofit。Fewthingsaresobeautifulintheiroriginasthiscanal，which，beitknown，withitslocksanditsaqueducts，thegrandestofwhichlastisthestupendouserectionnearStockport，whichby—the—byefilledmymindwhenaboywithwonder，constitutesthegrandworkofEngland，andyieldstonothingintheworldofthekind，withtheexceptionofthegreatcanalofChina。

RetracingmystepssomewayIgotupontheriver’sbankandthenagainproceededinthedirectionofthewest。Isooncametoacottagenearlyoppositeabridge，whichledovertheriver，notthebridgewhichIhavealreadymentioned，butonemuchsmaller，andconsiderablyhigherupthevalley。Thecottagehadseveralduskyoutbuildingsattachedtoit，andapalingbeforeit。Leaningoverthepalinginhisshirt—sleeveswasadark—faced，short，thicksetman，whosalutedmeinEnglish。Ireturnedhissalutation，stopped，andwassooninconversationwithhim。Ipraisedthebeautyoftheriveranditsbanks：hesaidthatbothwerebeautifulanddelightfulinsummer，butnotatallinwinter，forthenthetreesandbushesonthebankswerestrippedoftheirleaves，andtheriverwasafrightfultorrent。HeaskedmeifI

hadbeentoseetheplacecalledtheRobber’sLeap，asstrangersgenerallywenttoseeit。Iinquiredwhereitwas。

"Yonder，"saidhe，pointingtosomedistancedowntheriver。

"WhyisitcalledtheRobber’sLeap？"saidI。

"ItiscalledtheRobber’sLeap，orLlamyLleidyr，"saidhe，"becauseathiefpursuedbyjusticeonceleapedacrosstheriverthereandescaped。Itwasanawfulleap，andhewelldeservedtoescapeaftertakingit。"ItoldhimthatIshouldgoandlookatitonsomefutureopportunity，andthenaskedifthereweremanyfishintheriver。Hesaidtherewereplentyofsalmonandtrout，andthatowingtotheriverbeingtolerablyhigh，agoodmanyhadbeencaughtduringthelastfewdays。Iaskedhimwhoenjoyedtherightoffishingintheriver。Hesaidthatinthesepartsthefishingbelongedtotwoorthreeproprietors，whoeitherpreservedthefishingforthemselves，astheybestcouldbymeansofkeepers，orletitouttootherpeople；andthatmanyindividualscamenotonlyfromEngland，butfromFranceandGermanyandevenRussiaforthepurposeoffishing，andthatthekeepersoftheproprietorsfromwhomtheypurchasedpermissiontofish，wentwiththem，toshowthemthebestplaces，andtoteachthemhowtofish。Headdedthattherewasareportthattheriverwouldshortlyberhyddorfreeandopentoanyone。Isaidthatitwouldbeabadthingtoflingtheriveropen，asinthateventthefishwouldbekilledatalltimesandseasons，andeventuallyalldestroyed。Herepliedthathequestionedwhethermorefishwouldbetakenthenthannow，andthatImustnotimaginethatthefishweremuchprotectedbywhatwascalledpreserving；thatthepeopletowhomthelandsintheneighbourhoodbelonged，andthosewhopaidforfishingdidnotcatchahundredthpartofthefishwhichwerecaughtintheriver：

thattheproprietorswentwiththeirkeepers，andperhapscaughttwoorthreestoneoffish，orthatstrangerswentwiththekeepers，whomtheypaidforteachingthemhowtofish，andperhapscaughthalf—a—dozenfish，andthatshortlyafterthekeeperswouldreturnandcatchontheirownaccountsixtystoneoffishfromtheveryspotwheretheproprietorsorstrangershadgreatdifficultyincatchingtwoorthreestoneorthehalf—dozenfish，orthepoacherswouldgoandcatchayetgreaterquantity。Headdedthatgentrydidnotunderstandhowtocatchfish，andthattoattempttopreservewasnonsense。Itoldhimthatiftheriverwasflungopeneverybodywouldfish；hesaidthatIwasmuchmistaken，thathundredswhowerenowpoachers，wouldthenkeepathome，mindtheirpropertrades，andneveruselineorspear；thatfolksalwayslongedtodowhattheywereforbidden，andthatShimeiwouldneverhavecrossedthebrookprovidedhehadnotbeentoldheshouldbehangedifhedid。Thathehimselfhadpermissiontofishintheriverwheneverhepleased，butneveravailedhimselfofit，thoughinhisyoungtime，whenhehadnoleave，hehadbeenanarrantpoacher。

ThemannersandwayofspeakingofthisoldpersonageputmeverymuchinmindofthoseofMorgan，describedbySmollettinhisimmortalnovelof"RoderickRandom。"Ihadmorediscoursewithhim：Iaskedhiminwhatlineofbusinesshewas，hetoldmethathesoldcoals。Fromhiscomplexion，andthehueofhisshirt，I

hadalreadyconcludedthathewasinsomegrimytrade。Itheninquiredofwhatreligionhewas，andreceivedforanswerthathewasaBaptist。Ithoughtthatbothhimselfandpartofhisapparelwouldlookallthebetterforagoodimmersion。Wetalkedofthewarthenraging—hesaiditwasbetweenthefalseprophetandtheDragon。IaskedhimwhotheDragonwas—hesaidtheTurk。ItoldhimthatthePopewasfarworsethaneithertheTurkortheRussian，thathisreligionwasthevilestidolatry，andthathewouldletnoonealone。ThatitwasthePopewhodrovehisfellowreligioniststheAnabaptistsoutoftheNetherlands。Heaskedmehowlongagothatwas。BetweentwoandthreehundredyearsI

replied。HeaskedmethemeaningofthewordAnabaptist；Itoldhim；whereuponheexpressedgreatadmirationformyunderstanding，andsaidthathehopedheshouldseemeagain。

Iinquiredofhimtowhatplacethebridgeled；hetoldmethatifIpassedoverit，andascendedahighbankbeyond，IshouldfindmyselfontheroadfromLlangollentoCorwenandthatifIwantedtogotoLlangollenImustturntotheleft。Ithankedhim，andpassingoverthebridge，andascendingthebank，foundmyselfuponabroadroad。Iturnedtotheleft，andwalkingbrisklyinabouthalfanhourreachedourcottageinthenorthernsuburb，whereI

foundmyfamilyanddinnerawaitingme。

CHAPTERIX

TheDinner—EnglishFoibles—Pengwern—TheYew—Tree—Carn—

Lleidyr—ApplicationsofaTerm。

FORdinnerwehadsalmonandlegofmutton；thesalmonfromtheDee，thelegfromtheneighbouringBerwyn。Thesalmonwasgoodenough，butIhadeatenbetter；andhereitwillnotbeamisstosay，thatthebestsalmonintheworldiscaughtintheSuir，ariverthatflowspastthebeautifultownofClonmelinIreland。Asforthelegofmuttonitwastrulywonderful；nothingsogoodhadI

evertastedintheshapeofalegofmutton。ThelegofmuttonofWalesbeatsthelegofmuttonofanyothercountry，andIhadnevertastedaWelshlegofmuttonbefore。CertainlyIshallneverforgetthatfirstWelshlegofmuttonwhichItasted，richbutdelicate，repletewithjuicesderivedfromthearomaticherbsofthenobleBerwyn，cookedtoaturn，andweighingjustfourpounds。

"Oitssavourysmellwasgreat，Suchaswellmighttempt，Itrow，Onethat’sdeadtolifthisbrow。"

LetanyonewhowishestoeatlegofmuttoninperfectiongotoWales，butmindyoutoeatlegofmuttononly。Welshlegofmuttonissuperlative；butwiththeexceptionoftheleg，themuttonofWalesisdecidedlyinferiortothatofmanyotherpartsofBritain。

Here，perhaps，asIhavetoldthereaderwhatweatefordinner，itwillbeaswelltotellhimwhatwedrankatdinner。Lethimknowthen，thatwithoursalmonwedrankwater，andwithourmuttonale，evenaleofLlangollen；butnotthebestaleofLlangollen；itwasveryfair；butIsubsequentlydrankfarbetterLlangollenalethanthatwhichIdrankatourfirstdinnerinourcottageatLlangollen。

IntheeveningIwentacrossthebridgeandstrolledalonginasouth—eastdirection。JustasIhadclearedthesuburbamanjoinedmefromacottage，onthetopofahighbank，whomI

recognisedasthemowerwithwhomIhadhelddiscourseinthemorning。HesalutedmeandaskedmeifIweretakingawalk，I

toldhimIwas，whereuponhesaidthatifIwerenottooproudtowishtobeseenwalkingwithapoormanlikehimself，heshouldwishtojoinme。ItoldhimIshouldbegladofhiscompany，andthatIwasnotashamedtobeseenwalkingwithanyperson，howeverpoor，whoconductedhimselfwithpropriety。HerepliedthatImustbeverydifferentfrommycountrymeningeneral，whowereashamedtobeseenwalkingwithanypeople，whowerenot，atleast，aswell—dressedasthemselves。Isaidthatmycountry—folkingeneralhadagreatmanyadmirablequalities，butatthesametimeagreatmanyfoibles，foremostamongstwhichlastwasacrazyadmirationforwhattheycalledgentility，whichmadethemsycophantictotheirsuperiorsinstation，andextremelyinsolenttothosewhomtheyconsideredbelowthem。HesaidthatIhadspokenhisverythoughts，andthenaskedmewhetherIwishedtobetakenthemostagreeablewalknearLlangollen。

Onmyreplyingbyallmeans，heledmealongtheroadtothesouth—

east。Apleasantroaditproved：onourrightatsomedistancewasthemightyBerwyn；closeonourleftthehillcalledPenyCoed。IaskedhimwhatwasbeyondtheBerwyn？

"Averywildcountry，indeed，"hereplied，"consistingofwood，rock，andriver；infact，ananialwch。"

HethenaskedifIknewthemeaningofanialwch。

"Awilderness，"Ireplied，"youwillfindthewordintheWelshBible。"

"Verytrue，sir，"saidhe，"itwasthereImetit，butIdidnotknowthemeaningofit，tillitwasexplainedtomebyoneofourteachers。"

Onmyinquiringofwhatreligionhewas，hetoldmehewasaCalvinistic—Methodist。

Wepassedanancientbuildingwhichstoodonourright。Iturnedroundtolookatit。Itsbackwastotheroad：atitseasternendwasafinearchedwindowliketheorielwindowofachurch"Thatbuilding，"saidmycompanion，"iscalledPengwernHall。Itwasonceaconventofnuns；alittletimeagoafarm—house，butisnowusedasabarn，andaplaceofstowage。TilllatelyitbelongedtotheMostynfamily，buttheydisposedofit，withthefarmonwhichitstood，togetherwithseveralotherfarms，tocertainpeoplefromLiverpool，whonowliveyonder，"pointingtoahousealittlewayfartheron。Istilllookedattheedifice。

"Youseemtoadmiretheoldbuilding，"saidmycompanion。

"Iwasnotadmiringit，"saidI；"Iwasthinkingofthedifferencebetweenitspresentandformerstate。Formerlyitwasaplacedevotedtogorgeousidolatryandobscenelust；nowitisaquietoldbarninwhichhayandstrawareplaced，andbrokentumbrelsstowedaway：surelythehandofGodisvisiblehere？"

"Itisso，sir，"saidthemaninarespectfultone，"andsoitisinanotherplaceinthisneighbourhood。Aboutthreemilesfromhere，inthenorth—westpartofthevalley，isanoldedifice。Itisnowafarm—house，butwasonceasplendidabbey，andwascalled—"

"Theabbeyofthevaleofthecross，"saidI，"Ihavereadadealaboutit。IoloGoch，thebardofyourcelebratedhero，OwenGlendower，wasburiedsomewhereinitsprecincts。"

Wewenton：mycompaniontookmeoverastilebehindthehousewhichhehadpointedout，andalongapaththroughhazelcoppices。

AfteralittletimeIinquiredwhethertherewereanyPapistsinLlangollen。

"No，"saidhe，"thereisnotoneofthatfamilyatLlangollen，butIbelievetherearesomeinFlintshire，ataplacecalledHolywell，wherethereisapoolorfountain，thewatersofwhichitissaidtheyworship。"

"Andsotheydo，"saidI，"truetotheoldIndiansuperstition，ofwhichtheirreligionisnothingbutamodification。TheIndiansandsepoysworshipstocksandstones，andtheriverGanges，andourPapistsworshipstocksandstones，holywellsandfountains。"

Heputsomequestionstomeabouttheoriginofnunsandfriars。I

toldhimtheyoriginatedinIndia，andmadehimlaughheartilybyshowinghimtheoriginalidentityofnunsandnautch—girls，beggingpriestsandbeggingBrahmins。Wepassedbyasmallhousewithanenormousyew—treebeforeit；Iaskedhimwholivedthere。

"Noone，"hereplied，"itistolet。Itwasoriginallyacottage，buttheproprietorshavefurbisheditupalittle，andcallitYew—

treeVilla。"

"Isupposetheywouldletitcheap，"saidI。

"Bynomeans，"hereplied，"theyaskeightypoundsayearforit。"

"Whatcouldhaveinducedthemtosetsucharentuponit？"I

demanded。

"Theyew—tree，sir，whichissaidtobethelargestinWales。Theyhopethatsomeofthegrandgentrywilltakethehousefortheromanceoftheyew—tree，butsomehoworothernobodyhastakenit，thoughithasbeentoletforthreeseasons。"

Wesooncametoaroadleadingeastandwest。

"Thisway，"saidhe，pointinginthedirectionofthewest，"leadsbacktoLlangollen，theothertoOffa’sDykeandEngland。"

Weturnedtothewest。HeinquiredifIhadeverheardbeforeofOffa’sDyke。

"Ohyes，"saidI，"itwasbuiltbyanoldSaxonkingcalledOffa，againsttheincursionsoftheWelsh。"

"Therewasatime，"saidmycompanion，"whenitwascustomaryfortheEnglishtocutofftheearsofeveryWelshmanwhowasfoundtotheeastofthedyke，andfortheWelshtohangeveryEnglishmanwhomtheyfoundtothewestofit。Letusbethankfulthatwearenowmorehumanetoeachother。WearenowonthenorthsideofPenyCoed。DoyouknowthemeaningofPenyCoed，sir？"

"PenyCoed，"saidI，"meanstheheadofthewood。Isupposethatintheoldtimethemountainlookedoversomeextensiveforest，evenasthenunneryofPengwernlookedoriginallyoveranalder—

swamp，forPengwernmeanstheheadofthealder—swamp。"

"Soitdoes，sir，Ishouldn’twonderifyoucouldtellmetherealmeaningofaword，aboutwhichIhavethoughtagooddeal，andaboutwhichIwaspuzzlingmyheadlastnightasIlayinbed。"

"Whatmayitbe？"saidI。

"Carn—lleidyr，"hereplied："now，sir，doyouknowthemeaningofthatword？"

"IthinkIdo，"saidI。

"Whatmayitbe，sir？"

"Firstletmehearwhatyouconceiveitsmeaningtobe，"saidI。

"Why，sir，IshouldsaythatCarn—lleidyrisanout—and—outthief—

oneworsethanathiefofthecommonsort。Now，ifIstealamatrassIamalleidyr，thatisathiefofthecommonsort；butifIcarryittoaperson，andhebuysit，knowingittobestolen，I

conceiveheisafarworsethiefthanI；infact，acarn—lleidyr。"

"Thewordisadoubleword，"saidI，"compoundedofcarnandlleidyr。Theoriginalmeaningofcarnisaheapofstones，andcarn—lleidyrmeansproperlyathiefwithouthouseorhome，andwithnoplaceonwhichtoresthishead，savethecarnorheapofstonesonthebleaktopofthemountain。Foralongtimethewordwasonlyappliedtoathiefofthatdescription，who，beingwithouthouseandhome，wasmoredesperatethanotherthieves，andassavageandbrutishasthewolvesandfoxeswithwhomheoccasionallysharedhispillow，thecarn。Incourseoftime，however，theoriginalmeaningwaslostordisregarded，andthetermcarn—lleidyrwasappliedtoanyparticularlydishonestperson。Atpresenttherecanbenoimproprietyincallingapersonwhoreceivesamatrass，knowingittobestolen，acarn—lleidyr，seeingthatheisworsethanthethiefwhostoleit，orincallingaknavishattorneyacarn—lleidyr，seeingthathedoesfarmoreharmthanacommonpick—pocket；orincallingthePopeso，seeingthathegetshugesumsofmoneyoutofpeoplebypretendingtobeabletoadmittheirsoulstoheaven，ortohurlthemtotheotherplace，knowingallthetimethathehasnosuchpower；perhaps，indeed，atthepresentdaythetermcarn—lleidyrismoreapplicabletothePopethantoanyoneelse，forheiscertainlythearchthiefoftheworld。SomuchforCarn—lleidyr。ButImustheretellyouthatthetermcarnmaybeappliedtoanywhoisparticularlybadordisagreeableinanyrespect，andnowIremember，hasbeenappliedforcenturiesbothinproseandpoetry。OneLewisGlynCothi，apoet，wholivedmorethanthreehundredyearsago，usesthewordcarninthesenseofarrantorexceedinglybad，forinhisabusiveodetothetownofChester，hesaysthatthewomenofLondonitselfwerenevermorecarnstrumpetsthanthoseofChester，bywhichhemeansthattherewerenevermorearrantharlotsintheworldthanthoseofthecheesecapital。Andthelastofyourgreatpoets，GronwyOwen，whoflourishedaboutthemiddleofthelastcentury，complainsinalettertoafriend，whilstlivinginavillageofLancashire，thathewasamongstCarnSaeson。HefoundallEnglishdisagreeableenough，butthoseofLancashireparticularlyso—